reinterpret_cast undefined behavior

If type is an array type, all dimensions other than the first must be specified as positive integral constant expression (until C++14)converted constant expression of type std::size_t (since C++14), but (only when using un-parenthesized syntaxes (2) and (4)) the first dimension may be an expression of integral type, enumeration type, or class type with a single non-explicit conversion function to integral or enumeration type (until C++14)any expression convertible to std::size_t (since C++14). 2) lvalue of any type T may be converted to a lvalue or rvalue reference to the same type T, more or less cv-qualified.Likewise, a prvalue of class type or an xvalue of any type may be converted to a more or less cv-qualified rvalue reference. The following expressions (including conversions to the destination type) are manifestly constant-evaluated: Whether an evaluation occurs in a manifestly constant-evaluated context can be detected by std::is_constant_evaluated and if consteval (since C++23). Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. reinterpret_cast const-ness, const_cast . Sometimes a part of the type safety is implemented indirectly: e.g. std::shared_ptr is a smart pointer that retains shared ownership of an object through a pointer. If the cast fails and new-type is a reference type, it throws an exception that matches a handler of type std::bad_cast. In particular, only const_cast may be used to cast away (remove) constness or volatility. // Trial constant evaluation fails. The C++ type system consists of the following types: For every type other than reference and function, the type system supports three additional cv-qualified versions of that type (const, volatile, and const volatile). The syntax of the type-id that names type T is exactly the syntax of a declaration of a variable or function of type T, with the identifier omitted, except that decl-specifier-seq of the declaration grammar is constrained to type-specifier-seq, and that new types may be defined only if the type-id appears on the right-hand side of a non-template type alias declaration. It is used to convert one pointer of another pointer of any type, no matter either the class is related to each other or not. Preprocessor. Named return value optimization (NRVO) is not permitted in constant expressions, while return value optimization (RVO) is mandatory. - does that mean I can always reinterpret cast, as long as I don't modify? Otherwise, it is not required. Where exactly do you think a const cast was happening there? ; Return Value: The strncat() function shall return the pointer The following contexts require a contextually converted constant expression of type bool: Categories of constant expressions listed below are no longer used in the standard since C++14: In the list above, a variable is usable in constant expressions at a point P if, An object or reference is usable in constant expressions if it is. an expression whose evaluation leads to any form of core language undefined behavior (including signed integer overflow, division by zero, pointer arithmetic outside array bounds, etc). If the objects are potentially-overlapping or not TriviallyCopyable, the behavior of An s-char or r-char (since C++11) corresponds to more than one element if and only if it is represented by a sequence of more than one code units in the string literal's associated character encoding. In this case that's intentional, as there's no other way (that I know) to have an arbitrary class pointer to an arbitrary memory address. How do I tell if this single climbing rope is still safe for use? If the cast is successful, dynamic_cast returns a value of type new-type. Keywords. (I've tried placement new without success.) Explanation. Provides the member constant value which is equal to true, if T is the type bool, char, char8_t (since C++20), char16_t, char32_t, wchar_t, short, int, long, long long, or any implementation-defined extended integer types, including any signed, unsigned, and cv-qualified variants.Otherwise, value is equal to false. The new-expression allocates storage by calling the appropriate allocation function. Such allocation functions are known as "placement new", after the standard allocation function void* operator new(std::size_t, void*), which simply returns its second argument unchanged. If another member was active previously, its lifetime ends. ; src: the string from which n characters are going to append. - reinterpret_cast is a keyword. // which is large enough for any object of type `T`. The definition of a pure virtual function may be provided (and must be provided if the pure virtual is the destructor): the member functions of the derived class are free to call the abstract base's pure virtual function using qualified function id.This definition must be provided outside of the class body (the syntax of a function declaration doesn't allow both the pure The Java language is designed to enforce type safety. Is Energy "equal" to the curvature of Space-Time? If two union members are standard-layout types, it's well-defined to examine their common subsequence on any compiler. What is an undefined reference/unresolved external symbol error and how do I fix it? Manifestly constant-evaluated expressions, Functions and variables needed for constant evaluation, // because tabsize is usable in constant expressions, // because it has const-qualified integral type, and, // its initializer is a constant initializer, // error: sz is not a constant expression, // because sz is not usable in constant expressions, // because its initializer was not a constant initializer, // OK: x is not required to be initialized, // h(1) is a core constant expression because, // the lifetime of k begins inside the expression h(1), , unless it deallocates a region of storage allocated within the evaluation of this expession. If no deallocation function is found, memory is not deallocated. If a null pointer is passed as the argument to a non-allocating placement new-expression, which makes the selected standard non-allocating placement allocation function return a null pointer, the behavior is undefined. When would I give a checkpoint to my D&D party that they can return to if they die? // OK: 'n' is not odr-used and not captured here. Each s-char (originally from non-raw string literals) or r-char (originally from raw string literals) (since C++11) initializes the corresponding element(s) in the string literal object. size_t is an unsigned integral type. char *strncat(char *dest, const char *src, size_t n) Parameters: This method accepts the following parameters: dest: the string where we want to append. from the constructor), if new-expression allocated any storage, it calls the appropriate deallocation function: operator delete for non-array type, operator delete[] for array type. Without this, otherwise undefined behavior may occur. When should static_cast, dynamic_cast, const_cast, and reinterpret_cast be used? const_cast) must be used if such conversion is wanted. The implicitly-declared or defaulted (since C++11) default constructor for class T is undefined (until C++11) defined as deleted (since C++11) if any of the following is true: . Here is the simple example code which fail to give the correct result when optimizing. If the two strings have the same encoding prefix (or neither has one), the resulting string will have the same encoding prefix (or no prefix). This isn't and never was legal.--1 In this case, s. 2 In this case, *reinterpret_cast(&s). Yes, reinterpret_cast subverts the type system. Because of the side-effects involved, built-in increment and decrement operators must be used with care to avoid undefined behavior due to violations of sequencing rules.. Because a temporary copy of the object is constructed during post-increment and post-decrement, pre-increment or pre-decrement operators are usually more efficient in contexts size_t is an unsigned integral type. The syntax T object (); does not initialize an object; it declares a function that takes no arguments and returns T.The way to value-initialize a named variable before C++11 was T object = T ();, which value-initializes a temporary and then copy-initializes the object: most compilers optimize out the copy in this case.. References cannot be value-initialized. Why is Singapore considered to be a dictatorial regime and a multi-party democracy at the same time? The type of an expression that results from the compile-time analysis of the program is known as the static type of the expression. Integral promotion is quite broken in general. When the coroutine state is destroyed either because it terminated via co_return or uncaught exception, or because it was destroyed via its handle, it does the following: calls the destructor of the promise object. This compiler feature is typically referred to as "strict aliasing," and it can usually be enabled or disabled via compiler options. [] AllocatioThe new-expression allocates storage by calling the appropriate allocation function.If type is a non-array type, the name of the function is operator new.If type is an array type, the name of the function reinterpret_cast is a type of casting operator used in C++. If you use reinterpret_cast you better know what the heck you're doing, or don't do it. The encoding of ordinary string literals (1) and wide string literals (2) is implementation-defined. This page has been accessed 1,106,276 times. The operation result is a simple binary copy of the value from one pointer to the other. Notes. MSVC before VS 2019 v16.7) require non-zero array allocation overhead on non-allocating placement array new if the element type is not trivially destructible, which is no longer conforming since CWG 2382. ; AliasedType is the (possibly cv-qualified) signed or The objects created by new-expressions (objects with dynamic storage duration) persist until the pointer returned by the new-expression is used in a matching delete-expression. Calling a non-static member function of class X on an object that is not of type X, or of a type derived from X invokes undefined behavior.. The new-expression returns a prvalue pointer to the constructed object or, if an array of objects was constructed, a pointer to the initial element of the array. Debian/Ubuntu - Is there a man page listing all the version codenames/numbers? This is the object: Expand | Select | Wrap | Line Numbers template class Coordinates { public: T *x; T *y; int size; public: Coordinates (); Coordinates (int s, T data); Coordinates (const Coordinates &c); How to set a newcommand to be incompressible by justification? CUDA C++ extends C++ by allowing the programmer to define C++ functions, called kernels, that, when called, are executed N times in parallel by N different CUDA threads, as opposed to only once like regular C++ functions.. A kernel is defined using the __global__ declaration specifier and the number of CUDA threads that execute that kernel for a given kernel call is The effects of default initialization are: if T is a (possibly cv-qualified) non-POD (until C++11) class type, the constructors are considered and subjected to overload resolution against the empty argument list. - Expression is a pointer to be reinterpreted. As a result, allowance of mixed wide string literal concatenation is removed in C++23. The inline specifier cannot re-declare a function or variable (since C++17) that was already Notes. through a reference or pointer to non-volatile type) results in undefined behavior. If either dest or src is an invalid or null pointer, the behavior is undefined, even if count is zero.. If a character lacks representation in the associated character encoding, Each numeric escape sequence corresponds to a single element. Some conversions are necessary at compile time (such as double to int); othe ; AliasedType is the (possibly cv-qualified) signed or See elaborated type specifier for details. Notes. If the destination type is bool, this is a boolean conversion (see below). The constexpr specifier declares that it is possible to evaluate the value of the function or variable at compile time. Member type Definition value_type: T Member functions reinterpret_cast < T * > (p) [2 * Some implementations (e.g. But this is undefined behavior because. If the value cannot fit into the destination type, the behavior is undefined (even when the destination type is unsigned, modulo arithmetic does not apply). In your code, you originally have the data as a char[1].Later, in your constructor, you reinterpret_cast &data as Inner*.At this point, modifying the its value will produce undefined behavior. Anything in Java happens inside an object and each object is an instance of a class.. To implement the type safety enforcement, each object, before usage, needs to be allocated.Java allows usage of primitive types but only inside properly allocated objects.. String literals can be used to initialize character arrays. The behavior is unspecified (and may fail to compile) if T is not float, double, or long double and undefined if T is not NumericType. Within the body of a non-static member function of X, any id-expression e (e.g. This is the only way to directly create an array with size defined at runtime, such arrays are often referred to as dynamic arrays: The behavior is undefined if the value in the first dimension (converted to integral or enumeration type if needed) is negative. We do not currently allow content pasted from ChatGPT on Stack Overflow; read our policy here. Only new-expressions that would otherwise result in a call to a replaceable global allocation function can be evaluated in constant expressions. calls the destructors of the function parameter copies. Notes. [] Keywordreinterpret_cast [] Type aliasingWhenever an attempt is made to read or modify the stored value of an object of type DynamicType through a glvalue of type AliasedType, the behavior is undefined unless one of the following is true: . If the default value is not used, Align must be the value of alignof (T) for some type T, or the behavior is undefined. The undefined behavior sanitizer gained two new options included in -fsanitize=undefined: -Wold-style-cast diagnostic can now emit fix-it hints telling you when you can use a static_cast, const_cast, or reinterpret_cast. // Variable b is statically initialized with 2, https://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/constant_expression&oldid=145227, Generation of function and variable definitions when, Operations for dynamic storage duration in, it was unspecified whether string literals, volatile glvalues could be used in constant expressions. The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards. In other words, padding is not allowed before the first data member of a standard-layout type. > This is tangential, but reading through this reinterpret_cast is undefined behavior. Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? When the coroutine state is destroyed either because it terminated via co_return or uncaught exception, or because it was destroyed via its handle, it does the following: calls the destructor of the promise object. This allows alignment-unaware class-specific allocation functions to take precedence over the global alignment-aware allocation functions. In this case, the target constructor is The first dimension of zero is acceptable, and the allocation function is called. // Constant evaluation with std::is_constant_evaluation() == true succeeds. Integral constant expression is an expression of integral or unscoped enumeration type implicitly converted to a prvalue, where the converted expression is a core constant expression. The char array is completely a placeholder. an expression whose evaluation leads to any form of core language undefined behavior (including signed integer overflow, division by zero, pointer arithmetic outside array bounds, etc). In addition, the preprocessor adds backslashes to escape the quotes surrounding embedded string literals, if Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. String literals have static storage duration, and thus exist in memory for the life of the program. Copies count bytes from the object pointed to by src to the object pointed to by dest.Both objects are reinterpreted as arrays of unsigned char.. They may also be used to declare new class names. - type is a pointer reinterpreted as. A pointer to an object of standard-layout class type can be reinterpret_cast to pointer to its first non-static non-bitfield data member (if it has non-static data members) or otherwise any of its base class subobjects (if it has any), and vice versa. That means that identical string literals may or may not compare equal when compared by pointer. This compiler feature is typically referred to as "strict aliasing," and it can usually be enabled or disabled via compiler options. // type-id is "int[3]" (called new-type-id), // declaration of an array of 2 pointers to functions, // declaration of a function taking int and returning void, // type template parameter is a type-id "void(int)", // creates a new type and declares an object b of that type, // error: cannot define new types in a sizeof expression, // creates a new type and declares t as an alias of that type, // error: storage class specifiers not part of type-specifier-seq, // error: neither are function specifiers, // arrp is a pointer to an incomplete type, https://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/type&oldid=142978, class members of incomplete type were not prohibited, the point when an enumeration type becomes, object size might be not representable in, only cv-unqualified types could be integral and floating-point types, object types are (possibly cv-qualified) types that are not function types, reference types, or possibly cv-qualified, class type that has been declared (e.g. In addition, if the new-expression is used to allocate an array of char, unsigned char, or std::byte (since C++17), it may request additional memory from the allocation function if necessary to guarantee correct alignment of objects of all types no larger than the requested array size, if one is later placed into the allocated array. This reinterpret_cast, however, is trying to do exactly the opposite: view an array of bytes as some other type. Checks whether T is an integral type. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. If expression is anything else, including if it's a pointer obtained by the non-array form of new-expression, the behavior is undefined. These pointers guarantee that the delete expression is executed in the situations shown above. Anything can go wrong -- which is why it is called "undefined behavior" -- the compiler is not required to behave in any specific way, or to even consider the possibility that your code might be meaningful in any way. You should use bit_cast or memcpy. If an inline function or variable (since C++17) with external linkage is defined differently in different translation units, the behavior is undefined.. At this point, modifying the its value will produce undefined behavior. // (C++17) or operator new(sizeof(T), std::align_val_t(alignof(T)))), // calls operator new[](sizeof(T)*5 + overhead), // (C++17) or operator new(sizeof(T)*5+overhead, std::align_val_t(alignof(T)))), // (C++17) or operator new(sizeof(T), std::align_val_t(alignof(T)), 2, f), , alignment passed as the optional alignment argument, // dynamically allocated int with value 7, https://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/new&oldid=145471, value in the first dimension must have integral type, the program might be ill-formed even if the, the expression is of non-class type and its value before conversion to, the expression is of class type and its value after user-defined conversion function and before the. Each s-char (originally from non-raw string literals) or r-char (originally from raw string literals) (since C++11) initializes the corresponding element(s) in the string literal object. Variant members of union-like classes are only destroyed in the case of unwinding from constructor, and if the active member changed between initialization and destruction, the behavior is undefined. Several shared_ptr objects may own the same object. ; T has a non-const-default-constructible const member without 2) lvalue of any type T may be converted to a lvalue or rvalue reference to the same type T, more or less cv-qualified.Likewise, a prvalue of class type or an xvalue of any type may be converted to a more or less cv-qualified rvalue reference. A variable is needed for constant evaluation if it is either a constexpr variable or is of non-volatile const-qualified integral type or of reference type and the id-expression that denotes it is potentially constant evaluated. The undefined behavior sanitizer gained two new options included in -fsanitize=undefined: -Wold-style-cast diagnostic can now emit fix-it hints telling you when you can use a static_cast, const_cast, or reinterpret_cast. Anything in Java happens inside an object and each object is an instance of a class.. To implement the type safety enforcement, each object, before usage, needs to be allocated.Java allows usage of primitive types but only inside properly allocated objects.. If the value cannot fit into the destination type, the behavior is undefined (even when the destination type is unsigned, modulo arithmetic does not apply). e (unless it's Otherwise, the behavior is undefined. for [] NoteAs part of the C++ forward progress guarantee, the behavior is undefined if a loop that has no observable behavior (does not make calls to I/O functions, access volatile objects, or perform atomic or synchronization operations) does not terminate. What you could do however, is to first create a Inner object, then cast it and store it in the char[1].Later you can cast the char[1] back to the Inner object and do anything with the Inner If type is a non-array type, the name of the function is operator new. The effects of default initialization are: if T is a (possibly cv-qualified) non-POD (until C++11) class type, the constructors are considered and subjected to overload resolution against the empty argument list. "What you have here is undefined behavior. Safely converts pointers and references to classes up, down, and sideways along the inheritance hierarchy. Not sure if it was just me or something she sent to the whole team, Effect of coal and natural gas burning on particulate matter pollution. The only guarantee is that when you cast them back to the original type, you will get the original address. This page was last modified on 9 May 2022, at 18:35. #include int main () { long D1 = 0xbcfbc4f0d9b65179; It is implementation-defined whether any extended alignment is supported. the result type of sizeof operator) is ill-formed. (since C++23). The declared type of an array object might be an array of incomplete class type and therefore incomplete; if the class type is completed later on in the translation unit, the array type becomes complete; the array type at those two points is the same type. The null character ('\0', L'\0', char16_t(), etc) is always appended to the string literal: thus, a string literal "Hello" is a const char[6] holding the characters 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', and '\0'. This metafunction is a convenient way to leverage SFINAE prior to C++20's concepts, in particular for conditionally removing functions from the candidate set based on type traits, allowing separate function overloads or specializations based on those different The static type does not change while the program is executing. A core constant expression is any expression whose evaluation would not evaluate any one of the following: (since C++14) modification of an object, unless the object has non-volatile literal type and its lifetime began within the evaluation of the expression, note that if the ODR-use takes place in a function call to a closure, it does not refer to this or to an enclosing variable, since it accesses a closure's data member instead. It does not check if the pointer type and data pointed by the pointer is same or not. ; src: the string from which n characters are going to append. AliasedType and DynamicType are similar. A non-allocating placement array new-expression that creates an array of char, unsigned char, or std::byte (since C++17) can be used to implicitly create objects on given region of storage: it ends lifetime of objects overlapping with the array, and then implicitly creates objects of implicit-lifetime types in the array. @SynchronizX I agree that looks like your situation, but I just don't see how that falls within the allowed uses of. AliasedType and DynamicType are similar. It's undefined behavior to resume a coroutine from this point. If some glvalue expression refers to a polymorphic object, the type of its most derived object is known as the dynamic type. Itanium C++ ABI requires that the array allocation overhead is zero if the element type of the created array is trivially destructible. for [] NoteAs part of the C++ forward progress guarantee, the behavior is undefined if a loop that has no observable behavior (does not make calls to I/O functions, access volatile objects, or perform atomic or synchronization operations) does not terminate. Deleted implicitly-declared default constructor. If another member was active previously, its lifetime ends. A pointer to an object of standard-layout class type can be reinterpret_cast to pointer to its first non-static non-bitfield data member (if it has non-static data members) or otherwise any of its base class subobjects (if it has any), and vice versa. @Raildex Unless you reinterpret_cast an object to something similar to char[], you are not allowed to examine them either. Likewise, the behavior is undefined if only if no such pointer value can give the program defined behavior, and it is unspecified which pointer value is produced if there are multiple values giving the program defined behavior. Types are grouped in various categories based on their properties: Constructing a complete object type such that the number of bytes in its object representation is not representable in the type std::size_t (i.e. It is often the case that data has to be converted from one type into another type. 5.2.10 Reinterpret cast, p2: Note though, that removing the constness of a pointed object to actually write to it causes undefined behavior. In addition, the preprocessor adds backslashes to escape the quotes surrounding embedded string literals, if the value of the expression is larger than some implementation-defined limit; the value is smaller than the number of array elements provided in. Seems like cppreference doesn't contain such thing and C++ standard specfication is really hard to understand. What you could do however, is to first create a Inner object, then cast it and store it in the char[1]. Is const_cast undefined behavior? That is, "Hello," " world!" To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. If the failed allocation function was usual (non-placement), lookup for the deallocation function follows the rules described in delete-expression. reinterpret_cast to void* not working with function pointers, Undefined, unspecified and implementation-defined behavior. . . What you have here is undefined behavior. Type-id can be used with some modifications in the following situations: in the parameter list of a function (when the parameter name is omitted), type-id uses decl-specifier-seq instead of type-specifier-seq (in particular, some storage class specifiers are allowed); ; in the name of a user-defined conversion function, the abstract declarator cannot include function or As with all cast expressions, the result is: Pointers to functions and pointers to member functions are not subject to const_cast. If the default value is not used, Align must be the value of alignof (T) for some type T, or the behavior is undefined. Below C++ program demonstrates the use of reinterpret_cast to reinterpret the bit pattern. (This assumes you were casting to a different type, there are a few exceptions where you are allowed to modify the result, more can be found: Thanks for your solution, but I notice that both, @SynchronizX On the other hand, there are other ways to hide header usage from the user, such as PIMPL pattern and C++20 Modules. Converts between types with different cv-qualification. [] Member lifetimThe lifetime of a union member begins when the member is made active. array::size () in C++ STL What are the default values of static variables in C? Defines an expression that can be evaluated at compile time. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Preprocessor. const_cast . An s-char or r-char (since C++11) corresponds to more than one element if and only if it is represented by a sequence of more than one code units in the string literal's associated character encoding. This metafunction is a convenient way to leverage SFINAE prior to C++20's concepts, in particular for conditionally removing functions from the candidate set based on type traits, allowing separate function overloads or specializations based on those different Undefined behavior Memory model and data races Character sets and encodings Phases of translation The main function Modules (C++20) Keywords. Obtaining a pointer to an object created in the storage of an existing object of the same type, where pointers to the old object cannot be reused (for instance, because either object is a base class subobject); Obtaining a pointer to an object created by placement new from a pointer to an object providing storage for that object. You reinterpret cast one mutable pointer to another. New-expressions are allowed to elide or combine allocations made through replaceable allocation functions. ab []. In case of combining, the allocation made by a new-expression E1 may be extended to provide additional storage for another new-expression E2 if all of the following is true: Note that this optimization is only permitted when new-expressions are used, not any other methods to call a replaceable allocation function: delete[] new int[10]; can be optimized out, but operator delete(operator new(10)); cannot. Whether standard library undefined behavior is detected is unspecified. In a sense, it's like feeding random objects to a chipper. We don't actually use that code, I was just trying to demonstrate what the actual value should be. through a reference or pointer to non-volatile type) results in undefined behavior. Later you can cast the char[1] back to the Inner object and do anything with the Inner object as wanted. This page has been accessed 1,112,863 times. If the cast fails and new-type is a reference type, it throws an exception that matches a handler of type std::bad_cast. The result of the expression always has type void . At no point does any const get added or removed. The constructor selected (which is one of the default constructors) is called to provide the initial value for the new object; ; if T is an array type, every Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. In our other projects, we encapsulate by using void*: in the implementation, we allocate memory and assign to it, and cast to pointer of its original type when we use it. The behavior of a program that adds specializations for aligned_storage is undefined. [] ExplanatioOnly the following conversions can be done with dynamic_cast, except when such The inline specifier cannot be used with a function or variable (since C++17) declaration at block scope (inside another function) . Where a constant expression is grammatically required, including: Where a non-constant expression is also accepted, including: initializers of variables with reference type or const-qualified integral or enumeration type, when the initializers are constant expressions, initializers of static and thread local variables, when all subexpressions of the initializers (including constructor calls and implicit conversions) are constant expressions (that is, when the initializers are, manifestly constant-evaluated expressions, immediate subexpressions of a braced-init-list (constant evaluation may be necessary to determine whether, subexpressions of one of the above that are not a subexpression of a nested. The object is destroyed and its memory deallocated when either of the following happens: the last remaining shared_ptr owning the object is destroyed; ; the last remaining shared_ptr owning the object is assigned The new expression attempts to allocate storage and then attempts to construct and initialize either a single unnamed object, or an unnamed array of objects in the allocated storage. Any attempt to access a volatile object through a glvalue of non-volatile type (e.g. How many transistors at minimum do you need to build a general-purpose computer? An incompletely-defined object type can be completed: The type of a pointer to array of unknown bound, or to a type defined by a typedef declaration to be an array of unknown bound, cannot be completed. As described in allocation function, the C++ program may provide global and class-specific replacements for these functions. Member types. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. This page has been accessed 922,783 times. Whether standard library undefined behavior is detected is unspecified. // OK: 'v' & 'm' are odr-used but do not occur in a constant-expression. Why is this usage of "I've to work" so awkward? 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