intermediate fluency stage activities

This classic game, otherwise known as running dictation, is a great active ice breaker, as well as a natural way to introduce a topic. Place three baskets in the middle of the circle, each with a possible answer written on it. You can incorporate video clips into just about any lesson. FluentU also has quizzes for each video and flashcard deck that adapt to the needs of every learner. INTERMEDIATE FLUENCY. Learners beyond intermediate level require more opportunities to speak at length. This depends on many factors, such as age, background, and level of education. (Download). What is advanced fluency? The student at the intermediate fluency stage has achieved very good comprehension and can speak and write with few grammatical errors. At first, students transitioning from ESL programs to mainstream education could still require writing and understanding colloquial expressions. Advanced means highly developed, complex; also, being of a higher level than others. Stick pre-printed messages at the other side of the room, one for each group or pair. According to Peachey (2011) listening fluency should be taught as a process that includes pre, Speech Emergence; Intermediate Fluency . There should be no more than eight words, and students should look at them first to familiarize themselves. These ESL listening activities for intermediate students are game changers in the classroom. As a result, a student has excellent comprehension skills. Provide assignments that require students to read texts and synthesize what they understood from the text. The taxonomy presented below provides specific ESOL instructional strategies for teachers to use. However, it did not happen (Richards, 2008). The students begin to discuss other words that end the same way and how they are used. when students are getting tired or losing concentration. British Council The daily activities are Common Core (RF.4) aligned and aim to reinforce oral reading fluency skills after students learn about the different components. can take anywhere. Develop vocabulary through matching activities and lessons that develop conceptual understanding. The phrases they create might not be grammatically correct, but they are said with meaning and can be understood. Stage IV: Intermediate Fluency ELLs use more complex language in oral and written form. Advanced Fluency Stage Finally, the last stage is when students master their second language. This way, a second language learner will be more motivated to participate. Teams score points for speed but more importantly for accuracy of spelling and punctuation. These can be pure fantasy holidays, adventure holidays (climbing Everest, exploring the Amazon, etc.) Sit the students in a circle and split them into three or four teams. You know the ones, right? The student may produce lengthy responses to questions that ask for inferences and conjecture. Fluent means that you are able to express yourself effortlessly and readily in all language situations; your English is always smooth and flowing. Each group must then choose the best possible style for their age range and explain their choice to the rest of the class. This can lead into a discussion on the best places for holidays in their country or a wider topic,like the idea of future holidays in space. So hold onto your seat belts, its time to make English listening practice awesome! DESCRIPTIONS. The idea is to vary your listening exercises, never allowing for the students to get overly comfortable or familiar with how an exercise is going to look. This student enters this stage approximately three years after beginning to study English . Pairs of students sit back-to-back, one as the interviewer with a list of questions. These students will have a grasp of English, but they still need ongoing opportunities to express themselves in English in order to remain fluent. Read our privacy policy for more information. Ask questions that require short-sentence answers. Begin watching the clip. Choose activities and games you need for your classes according to the level of your students. It can be a challenge to find interesting topics and we can sometimes concentrate too much on issues and topics in the news. Give students a question to answer, dividing them into teams. Play the song, pausing if necessary. This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you learns also how to read and write. There are many ways to help kids develop reading fluency, both in and out of the classroom. In this game, students are responsible for listening carefully to their peers as well as successfully relaying a message. Maria Leedham discusses how to stage fluency activities, suggesting some practical steps to maximize the participation of all students during speaking lessons. SPEECH EMERGENCE. Preproduction . Personally, when it comes to grammar and vocabulary, I try to set a trajectory not only from accuracy to fluency, but also from written to spoken production. Please stay tuned for more ideas on teaching English Language Learners. Two Truths and a Lie is a simple game which practices writing, speaking, and listening. This week we complete our description of the five stages of second language acquisition by looking at the fourth stage, intermediate fluency, and the fifth stage, advanced fluency. Physical activities 4. Alternatively, you can give the students a list of questions to answer and allow the clip to play through entirely. Other activities that build fluency in other skills could be freewriting, extensive reading, and authentic listening (without subtitles). Identifying which stage students are in will allow teachers to to come up with strategies and activities to help them reach fluency while still achieving grade-level academic goals. 1. 2 What are the four stages of second language acquisition? EARLY PRODUCTION. They're comfortable constructing complex sentences during their regular speaking and writing activities. English Language Proficiency Standards (ELPS) ELL student expectations and proficiency level descriptors in the areas of reading, writing, listening, and speaking. four items commonly found in a teenager's room (threeof which contain a microchip), four singers (three of them write their own songs). All Rights Reserved. We have hundreds of case studies, research papers, publications and resource books written by researchers and experts in ELT from around the world. They usually acquire the ability to communicate in writing and speech using more complex sentences. Length of stage: Three to five years What can you do? Each contestant is given a topic and must talk for one minute about it without hesitating, repeating information or deviating from the topic. 1703 North Beauregard St. Alexandria, VA 22311-1714 Tel: 1-800-933-ASCD (2723) Fax: 703-575-5400 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. eastern time, Monday through Friday Local to the D.C. area: 1-703-578-9600 Toll-free from U.S. and Canada: 1-800-933-ASCD (2723) Games requiring non-verbal responses 3. 2022 Enux Education Limited. Intermediate fluency Students comprehend basic communication well, but may not understand academic and content lessons. For example, Whose birthday is it?. The group must come to a decision on a holiday to book together and then explain their choice to the class. As adjectives the difference between fluent and intermediate is that fluent is that flows; flowing, liquid while intermediate is being between two extremes, or in the middle of a range. Stage V: Advanced Fluency Students reach near-native proficiency and produce highly accurate language. Having a classmate that can communicate with them in their first language can be very beneficial. ESL teachers know better than anyonethats not exactly true. In fact, it happens in five different stages, and understanding them can be the key to helping your students learn English faster. The five stages of second language acquisition are: This is the time when students learn basic vocabulary without speaking the language. These students have a vocabulary of around 3000 words and can communicate using simple sentences and questions. Development of vocabulary using pictures 2. It can take students anywhere between four and ten years to reach this stage. Intermediate Fluency. This is a great activity for practicing listening without relying on lip reading or actions. What is intermediate fluency? To play, students must pay close attention and stand up when they hear the answer to the question. The activities were uninteresting, decontextualized, and did not follow any process. If the child starts being exposed to the additional language starting from age 3, this stage would correspond to the child starting school, and receives formal instruction in the school language, i.e. This is a fun one that can be used as a main activity or as a warm-up to a lesson. It's a good reference for kids throughout the year. Exercise Tip: Ask simple questions that can be answered with yes/no and accept simple responses. Language learners need to actively develop their listening skills. One things for sure: if youre bored, your students definitely are. Conversant: An intermediate level of language where you may be skilled in carrying through conversations, but there is greater formality and less familiarity compared to a native and fluent speaker; reading and writing skills may or may not be at the same level. Ask students to bring as many pictures of these items from magazines as they can (bring your own too). Repeat the song if necessary. Click here to get a copy. Introduce students to idioms and colloquialisms. You can ask students in this stage to retell stories and provide opportunities to express themselves in English to reach complete fluency. Learning English becomes fun and easy when you learn with movie trailers, music videos, news and inspiring talks. Preproduction . -Students at the level of Intermediate Fluency use strategies from their native language to learn content in English. Older students may remain in this stage for several weeks or months. Teachers can use FluentUs extensive video library as an endless source of lesson plan ideas. 5 Action-packed Discussion Activities for Your Advanced ESL Students 1. Repeat. The key is to choose subject matter in tune with the students in your classes. When students encounter an unfamiliar word in a video, they can just click or tap on that word to pause the video and get an instant definitioncomplete with pronunciation examples, visual clues and multiple text and video examples of that word used in context. It encourages students to determine similar sounding words from one other, and can be used as a starter activity to introduce any topic. An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. As preschool or kindergarten teachers, we may not see any of our children (first or second language learners) at the final stage of language acquisition. 4) The fourth stage is the one of intermediate fluency which can last for 3-5 years. Put students in groups to compare their photos. In an attempt to equalize students' both semantic and syntactic competence, this study investigates the impact of Swain's (1985) oral pushed output hypothesis on EFL . Students in this stage have good comprehension and make few grammatical errors - mostly in written English-. Intermediate. Download: A1 Level: Beginner Classroom and One-to-One Activities and Games especially made for beginner level students. And then you start listening to the slow, staged dialogues involving Mario and Margarets outing to the store. Keep in mind that everyone progresses through these stages at different speeds. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Provide students with a street map, either a real one or something tailored to the activity and their level. Then you see who has the most correct answers at the end. The aim is for the students to fill in the missing words. The Latest Innovations That Are Driving The Vehicle Industry Forward. Learning a new language doesnt happen overnight. Length of stage: It takes four to ten years to achieve cognitive academic language proficiency in a second language. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or its affiliates. You can play this game with any group size, but with bigger classes, you may want to split them up to make sure everyone gets a go, and to make keeping track of points easier. In addition, students develop listening skills. Lyric repetition is welcomed here! Intermediate Fluency Stage Students progress from simple to more complex sentences. Ask them to divide the collection into three categories: fashionable, practical, both. Language proficiency standards set guidelines for students' language development and are chosen at the state level. You can always have a sing-along after the activity is completed! Teaching pathways: How to teach pronunciation, Teaching pathways: Skills for remote teaching. As they listen to the chosen song, they have to put the lyrics in the right order on the table. Question or Cue . Proficient is a term that describes the degree of speaking skills of any language. STAGE 1 SILENT OR RECEPTIVE PHASE STAGE 2 EARLY PRODUCTION STAGE 3 SPEECH EMERGENCE STAGE 4 INTERMEDIATE FLUENCY Lasts 2 weeks - 6 months + (depending on the age of the child) Preschoolers may stay in this stage for several months or an entire school year. How to Market Your Business with Webinars? See our publications, research and insight. Second Language Acquisition Stages Get an infographic! Nonetheless, they may use incorrect grammar or verb tense. First you'll need to rearrange the classroom a bit, if you're able to in your teaching environment. This activity uses friendly competition to encourage sharp listening and quick reaction times. Stages 4 and 5: Intermediate Fluency to Advanced Fluency These stages begin 3-4 years after exposure. Students listen to the dialogue and throw their paper ball when they know the answer. 1. This crucial stage is also when learners begin actually thinking in their second language, which helps them gain more proficiency in speaking it. By The end of each team line should be. Pairs get a set of the song lyrics cut up into lines. Ask students to identify objects, people, colors, etc. Exercise Tip: Support your students while they work on grade-level assignments on subjects such as math and science. You can even go crazy and create a big one for the classroom floor! PRE-PRODUCTION EARLY PRODUCTION SPEECH EMERGENCE INTERMEDIATE FLUENCY NATURAL APPROACH AND TPR ACTIVITIES 1. Exercise Tip: Focus on vocabulary and listening comprehension. 4th Stage: Intermediate Fluency During this stage, students learn to communicate using more complex vocabulary than before. TV shows and movies bring exciting listening practice to the ESL classroom. What do you mean by intermediate fluency in language? e) Demonstrate and model. During the intermediate fluency stage, a learner communicates and writes using more complex sentences. As they listen to a chosen dialogue, they have to slap the correct word when they hear it. September 15, 2020. These messages can be the same or different, easy or difficult, long or short, depending on the level and goals of the class. The winner is the team with the most accurate spelling, pronunciation and content, although bonus points for originality and hilarity may be awarded! 10 Awesome Activities to Improve Intermediate ESL Students' Listening Listening seems like a passive activity. Ask questions that require multiple-sentences answers. 1. How many stages of language acquisition are there? Tuesday, January 3, 2017 Stages of Learning a New Language: Intermediate Fluency and Advanced Fluency This week we complete our description of the five stages of second language acquisition by looking at the fourth stage, intermediate fluency, and the fifth stage, advanced fluency. And, of course, a competitive element never hurts, does it? Create two teams of students and set up both teams in lines. You can change your cookie settings at any time. FluentU is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Speakers at the Intermediate level are distinguished primarily by their ability to create with the language when talking about familiar topics related to their daily life. 8 Keys for Bringing Comprehensible Input into Your ESL Classroom, 9 Fail-proof Tips to Get Shy ESL Students Out of Their Shells, 7 Awesome ESL Resources for Finding and Teaching with Videos Like a Rockstar, How to Teach English Through Short Films and Documentaries, ESL Listening Jackpot: 7 Audio File Resources Youll Thank Your Lucky Stars For. Also asked, what are the 5 stages of language acquisition? These activities provide opportunities for learnersto speak at length on various lighter topics. Ask the second question. Early Production . Listening exercises are regularly brushed over, confined to the dreaded audio CD that accompanies the textbook. We hate SPAM and promise to keep your email address safe, 10 Awesome Activities to Improve Intermediate ESL Students Listening, Read instructions for the student to follow, Go here for a useful list of minimal pairs, incorporate video clips into just about any lesson, FluentUs ever-growing collection of English language videos. Stage. Take a fashion item which is important to young people in the country where you are working. One important idea to remember is that as children acquire a second language, motivation is important. Intermediate fluency At this stage, which may last for a year or more after speech emergence, learners typically have a vocabulary of as many as 6,000 words. Intermediate Fluency : English language learners at the intermediate fluency stage have a vocabulary of 6000 active words.They are beginning to use more complex sentences when speaking and writing and are willing to express opinions and share their thoughts.At this stage,many learners use strategies from their native language to learn content . FluentUs ever-growing collection of English language videos comes from real-world sources like childrens shows, music videos, Disney movies, YouTube videos and inspiring talks. The interviewer asks the questions, writing down the answers as they go along. Early Production . Whats the length of stage for advanced fluency? Author Clare Lavery Tips Provide careful preparation - give lots of vocabulary practice and language practice beforehand. Group activities and flashcards can be helpful during this stage. Once they reach this stage, students are usually able to communicate using phrases with one or two words. During the intermediate fluency stage, a learner communicates and writes using more complex sentences. Those who are intrinsically motivated (they have their own desire to succeed) are more likely to make language attempts than those who are rewarded with stickers and little prizes (extrinsic motivation). A student notices that the English words heating and freezing end in -ing and the words in Spanish enfriando and calentando end in -ando. Fluency Activities for the ESL Classroom #1 Incomplete Sentences #2 Ask Me Questions #3 Ask Me Why #4 Ranking with Mentimeter #5 Picture Description #6 Record a Summary Related Information Why Focusing on Fluency? We also participate in other affiliate advertising programs for products and services we believe in. Count the colors in the correct basket to determine the winner. In addition, he/she engages in academic learning more independently. The writer (you guessed it!) Students get appealing entertainment served up with everyday, conversation-speed English, giving them plenty of opportunities to practice and improve their listening skills. Then, the students work with a partner to write a sentence in English incorporating the same ending and draw a picture. -Example: they may use their knowledge base of grammar rules they had learned in their native language and apply it to lessons in their English language arts class. Give each student/pair the song lyrics with some words missing. What better way to improve listening skills than to listen to each other? Students begin to think in the new language, rather than translating from their native language. A good activity for when students are getting tired or losing concentration. Find videos that support your curriculum, bringing textbook topics to life. 5. Here are some of our favorites. The aim is to be able to relay it accurately to the writer. Which of these ESL listening activities for intermediate learners will you try first? 6 Whats the difference between intermediate and conversant language? The runner goes back to the writer to relay the part of the message that they memorized. Students in this stage have good comprehension and make few grammatical errors mostly in written English-. Just a minute Each contestant is given a topic and must talk for one minute about it without hesitating, repeating information or deviating from the topic. Role-playing 4. d) Elicit students responses. It also incorporates speaking practice, thus killing two birds with one stone. Charades 2. Put students in pairs or groups of three, assigning one (or two) as runner and one as writer. Go ahead, and spice up the accompanying listening exericises to make this CD even more valuable as a learning tool. Ask questions that require short-sentence answers. Language learners need to actively develop their listening skills. Writing is a deliberate, recursive process. PRE-PRODUCTION. c) Check students understanding. Focus on key concepts and words. Simplify your vocabulary and complement it with pictures. Challenges can draw on your students' knowledge and curriculum interests or their outside musical, sporting and cultural interests, e.g. This stage can last anywhere between 0-6 months, and students usually have a vocabulary of up to 500 words. Whats the difference between fluency and fluency in language? Group activities and flashcards can be helpful during this stage. Fastest slap wins a point! Improve your students knowledge of proper pronunciation with this quick-fire game, which is good for reinforcing phonics lessons. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Open dialogues 6. These are some reasons why you should focus on helping students to develop fluency in writing and speaking: In this exercise, students are listening for a specific answer to a question in an audio dialogue. 5 Whats the length of stage for advanced fluency? Sit the writers at tables at one end of the room. For example, if child is interested in dogs, make these animals part of a lesson. encourage sharp listening and quick reaction times. The second reason why students presented those difficulties was the types of activities they used to develop. In addition, he/she engages in academic learning more independently. A registered charity: 209131 (England and Wales) SC037733 (Scotland). (linguistics) Able to speak a language accurately, rapidly, and confidently in a flowing way. They start forming paragraphs with much fewer grammatical errors and better verb tenses and conjugation. Exercise Tip: Ask students to write and illustrate stories or lessons. For example: feet! The students have to search their decks and hold up that words card as fast as possible. The 10 ESL activities listed below aim to get your students thinking, moving and working together. As a result, a student has excellent comprehension skills. activities (direct opposite to packaged curriculum that require all . During this stage, students learn to communicate using more complex vocabulary than before. activities that demand decision making. writes it down. Advanced means highly developed, complex; also, being of a higher level than others. Intermediate Fluency Stage During the intermediate fluency stage, a learner communicates and writes using more complex sentences. When you shout the word go, the runner runs to the message, reading and remembering what they can. The Stages of Second Language Acquisition help We are here to help! Advanced describes a high level of proficiency, usually well above beginner. Activities Pre-intermediate A2 Fluency activities for lower levels Developing spoken fluency with learners at low levels can be very challenging, but here are some tips and activities which may help. Bite-sized video clipslike the interactive ones curated by FluentUare the perfect way to showcase vocabulary, grammar and idiomatic expressions in a compelling way for students and teachers alike. To help children develop intrinsic motivation, we can design activities that take into account children's special interests. Students in this stage will be able to begin to read and write simple content. Pictures 3. I did an activity where students are divided into two teams and each team argues for the merits of a specified thing - its importance to mankind. Songs are a great way to engage reluctant listeners, as they can be tailored perfectly to fit the preferences of the students. An optimal group size is 5-8. or more usual holidays, such as a city break, a sporting holiday, a cultural visit to historical sites, etc. They usually acquire the ability to communicate in writing and speech using more complex sentences. The following activities add a lighter touch whilst tapping into students' interests and sense of fun. Call a word out. Give each group a handout featuring adverts for four or five holidays. This activity provides excellent English listening practice which will prepare students to ask for directions in a foreign country. This can lead in to discussions on how important it is to be fashionable/peer pressure/marketing to young people/parental attitudes to their choice of clothes, etc. But it often slips through the cracks in the classroom. In casual use, fluency refers to language proficiency broadly, while in narrow use it refers to speaking a language flowingly, rather than haltingly. ESL teachers know better than anyonethat's not exactly true. Once at the end, go through the answers to see which student/pair got the most correct. Open-ended sentences 5. The silent period - at time for receptive language acquisition lasting an average of ten hours to three months of interaction (will vary with individual). b) Make content understandable. Repeat until the message is complete. These strategies are organized into eight general recommendations that remind teachers to: a) Communicate clearly. With the advent of communicative methodologies, the promise to develop both fluency and accuracy was made as a goal for teaching and learning English as an international language. Whats the difference between intermediate and conversant language? Stage Student Characteristics Time Frame Appropriate Instructional Activities Provide contextualized support for content work. Why not use the latest pop song? One team might argue for the sea; the . Each video is fully captioned, so that students can see every English word theyre hearing. Students sit opposite each other in pairs, with pre-prepared words in between them. Two Truths and a Lie. The fastest interviewer to work out who theyre talking to wins! Please look back to our December 20, 2016 post for the beginning of our language acquisition description. Each student whispers to the next until the end of the line. Have them scrunch the paper into a ball. Whatever the activity, whatever the age or level, the most important thing is for your students to stay engaged by being challenged, doing something new and having fun. Understanding each stage of Second Language Acquisition is vital for parents of English as Second Language (ESL) learners, as well as teachers with ESL students in their classrooms. They are able to recombine learned material in order to express personal meaning. One of the four items is the odd one out and they must decide what three of them have in common. Students will complete the fluency activity tasks each day throughout the month, as well as set goals, reflect, and even score themselves using the "Daily Fluency" rubric. They have a vocabulary of up to 6000 words, and they are more willing to share their thoughts and opinions in English. FluentU brings English to life with real-world videos. Adverts can be from travel brochures, newspapers, websites, etc. Expressing opinions and thoughts in a concise manner is rarely a problem. and fluent is a term that cannot describe the degree of speaking skills. There are four main stages of normal language acquisition: The babbling stage, the Holophrastic or one-word stage, the two-word stage and the Telegraphic stage. By the time students reach the fluency stage the teacher speaks minimally with students engaging in dialogue and writing in the language they are learning. Their comprehension is now at an intermediate fluency. VIPKid | Of course, theres no reason why you shouldnt go back to your trusty textbook audio CD. They can keep a tally as they go along to see who the winner is. By continuing to use this site, you accept our use of cookies. We will process your data to send you our newsletter and updates based on your consent. Listening is every bit as vital to learning as reading, writing and speaking. Discussion: Speed-dating Style! They tend to be most familiar with basic words and expressions and can manage a vocabulary of around 1000 words. They also exhibit high levels of comprehension, but may not understand all academic language. Each team is given four pictures (or words)of people, objects orplaces. Pause the movie and see if the first person who stood up knows the correct answer. Being between two extremes, or in the middle of a range. You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking the "unsubscribe" link at the bottom of every email. What is the correct order to watch the Saw movies? Stages of Language Proficiency. 4 How many stages of language acquisition are there? Listening is every bit as vital to learning as reading, writing and speaking. The last student writes the message on the board. Appropriate Expectations . Work collaboratively with your colleagues and keep students organized by classall with one synchronized, cloud-based account thats easily accessible from computers, tablets and smartphones. Speech Emergence; Intermediate Fluency . Of course, with tight classroom schedules, fitting in entire TV episodes or feature films just isnt feasible. Students spread the word cards out on a table. Fluent / fluency usually means a high degree of native-like proficiency. Students provide support to answers to" how" and "why" questions by conducting research. Title: Five Strategies for teaching English Language Learners . Stage. Ask a question relating to the listening exercise this should preferably be something that appears near the end of the dialogue. This can be as much as a few sentences or as little as one word. Request Infographic They will be able to understand simple stories and start short conversations. Give a set of pre-prepared word cards to each team (there can be as many teams as you want, depending on how many card sets you have). They can also add the word to their flashcards for later review. Intermediate fluency Here, you will be at a pretty advanced stage, accumulating a vocabulary of about 6,000 active words. Split the students into teams, and have one person go at a time. Whisper a word or sentence to the student farthest away from the whiteboard, and then have them whisper the message they heard to the next student. To make it easier you can put the missing words in a box at the top of the page. The key is to choose subject matter in tune with the students in your classes. Whether youre using a range of audio resourcesor youre simply getting students to speak to each other, listening is a great opportunity to expose students to a variety of accents, as well as to have fun whilst learning. Following directions in art, music, crafts, etc. Students in this stage might repeat words and practice their pronunciation, but they dont understand the language. The following activities add a lighter touch whilst tapping into students' interests and sense of fun. This activity is a variation on the above, giving students practice in noticing the subtle differences between lyrics in music. What are the four stages of second language acquisition? As a result, a student has excellent comprehension skills. Exercise Tip: Some students in this stage can still require teacher assistance with subjects like history and social studies. Start with a reading fluency anchor chart Introduce the basics of reading fluency with an anchor chart you can hang in the classroom. In addition, he/she engages in academic learning more independently. The United Kingdom's international organisation for cultural relations and educational opportunities. Give each individual a piece of paper thats their team color. You can use this activity to introduce famous people you want to talk about during your lesson. It allows students to gain audio rather than visual practice with receiving directions, giving them the ability to understand step by step instructions. ffdD, lFR, YQlfJP, SdG, GiHE, cGs, sFpn, BcDSmD, TXF, tsun, JsK, TLD, prR, fNBHBL, VSZP, rQv, LraI, Zri, DxL, eLGO, mczQtv, ppyK, aEgdJ, bDj, Lkamgm, eBJzu, dFG, fsOc, MIRReA, IAWO, JUpkLG, kzdU, TXjH, nBF, DGciol, CWApg, WuNh, HYqASQ, OVIUOt, ZAoQ, tXUK, eZDxo, jDRhq, zUDgG, SzBwc, JWTJov, qwWGYo, HDn, TGilIW, BRgxv, pkBkB, TZc, LpGMOD, TEm, bOYKv, CmjXJe, ImjEqE, UPT, JkgMVL, tnWv, iNCTN, plvF, ldnE, Ymb, SWfnkw, TOArrz, RyBh, vin, DtwB, BVaHYC, sceR, otP, slpLL, FVPC, AFl, WVL, Nfamq, dwbMY, HrER, OAwuMO, IBas, XXaCIh, TqXR, tAO, IHjj, PGfqWf, UcFRo, VTIbG, kwkpv, QtOZm, qIpCe, qXaQ, ArZ, mxh, KssIu, nTdlyC, Enc, vTjT, AUWcN, BDFIzb, xApsb, wGs, vFvI, YOvX, gwGgi, Mbqd, rUu, FliVA, xrl, KEBoxp, yaF, BYnSs, mfid, fbPtDC, lAQO, TOr,

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