selenium deficiency leads to which disease

2003 Sep;377(1):32-8. Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:955-65. [, Rayman MP, Stranges S, Griffin BA, Pastor-Barriuso R, Guallar E. Effect of supplementation with high-selenium yeast on plasma lipids: a randomized trial. Several food sources of selenium are listed in Table 2. Selenium is needed for selenocysteine synthesis and is essential for the production of selenoproteins, as well as enzymes and catalysts that are required for the activation of thyroid hormone and antioxidants, such as glutathione peroxidase. In addition, hemodialysis patients are at risk of low dietary selenium intakes due to anorexia resulting from uremia and dietary restrictions. On the other hand, selenium deficiency can lead to: male infertility; a type of heart disease called Keshan disease; a type of arthritis called Kashin-Beck disease; [, Rayman MP. [4] Keshan disease also makes the body more susceptible to illness caused by other nutritional, biochemical, or infectious diseases. Consequently, suboptimal regional soil presence can result in selenium deficiency, often an endemic problem, leading to various diseases, such as kidney disease [16], and obesity [17]. In: Coates PM, Betz JM, Blackman MR, et al., eds. Thus, this article mainly aimed to investigate the effect of Se deficiency on renal fibrosis and the Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:37-44. A selenium deficiency halts the activation of the iodine-containing thyroid hormone. Selenium deficiency in combination with Coxsackievirus infection can lead to Keshan disease, which is potentially fatal. This article lists 9 science-backed benefits of cod liver, From blood sugar control to weight loss, apple cider vinegar is associated with many health benefits, but you may wonder how much to take. The protective role of selenium on the toxicity of cisplatin-contained chemotherapy regimen in cancer patients. A virus also contributes to the development of Keshan disease, but selenium deficiency is a factor and adequate selenium prevents it Selenium toxicity: It causes loss and brittleness of . Effect of selenium supplements on hemoglobin concentration and morbidity among HIV-1-infected Tanzanian women. An original discovery: selenium deficiency and Keshan disease (an endemic heart disease). As a result, selenium concentrations in plant-based foods vary widely by geographic location [1,2]. History of changes to this fact sheet, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, Strengthening Knowledge and Understanding of Dietary Supplements, My Dietary Supplement and Medicine Record, Analytical Methods and Reference Materials (AMRM), NIH Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program, Computer Access to Research on Dietary Supplements (CARDS) Database, Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (DSID), ODS Funding of Grants & Administrative Supplements: FAQ, Administrative Supplements for Validation Studies of Analytical Methods, Staff Bios, Publications, and Presentations, Federal Working Group on Dietary Supplements, NIH Dietary Supplement Research Coordinating Committee. 2022 Jul 11;10:912562. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.912562. What is selenium good for in the body? That same review predicts that the effects of climate change will gradually decrease soil selenium concentrations in many parts of the world, including the Southwestern United States. Ask ODS Before the Chinese government supplementation program, adults in the Keshan disease areas had average selenium intakes of no more than 11 mcg/day; intakes of at least 20 mcg/day protect adults from Keshan disease [6]. springer Iodine supplementation in selenium - deficient populations is, in theory, problematic, partly for this reason. Selenium is a trace mineral found naturally in the soil, in certainhigh-selenium foods, and even in small amounts in water. Men have slightly higher serum selenium levels than women, and whites have higher levels than African Americans [17-19]. Selenium deficiency has been shown to directly impair thyroid hormone production from the thyroid gland and it may reduce the peripheral conversion of T4 thyroid hormone into the active T3 thyroid hormone (9). (2021). [, Perkins AJ, Hendrie HC, Callahan CM, Gao S, Unverzagt FW, Xu Y, et al. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects. Anal Bioanal Chem. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Selenium occurs in all tissues. Seafood: oysters, scallops, crab and shrimp. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Recent research suggests that worldwide, up to one in seven people is dealing with selenium deficiency. Selenium is an antioxidant that plays an important role in reproduction, thyroid hormone metabolism, DNA synthesis, and protection from oxidative damage and infection. Sunde RA. Heres the good news: Because experts dont often find selenium deficiencies in populations that are generally not malnourished or who have compromised immunity, its believed that as long as you include natural food sources of selenium in your diet regularly and are otherwise healthy, there is a only a small chance you will suffer a deficiency. Selenium (Se) is a trace mineral that supports your body in many ways. Abstract. [, MacFarquhar JK, Broussard DL, Melstrom P, Hutchinson R, Wolkin A, Martin C, et al. Undergoing kidney dialysis and living with HIV can increase the risk for low selenium levels too. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:1802-8. [10] These diseases are most common in certain parts of China where the intake is low[13] because the soil is extremely deficient in selenium. Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Hemmelgarn B, Klarenbach S, Field C, Manns B, et al. An analysis of NHANES data on 4,809 elderly people in the United States found no association between serum selenium levels (which ranged from lower than 11.3 to higher than 13.5 mcg/dL) and memory test scores [58]. [18] Because of selenium's role in certain peroxidases (converting hydroperoxides to alcohols) and because of the antioxidant role of vitamin E (preventing hydroperoxide formation), a low level of Se can be somewhat (but not wholly) compensated by a high level of vitamin E. (In the animal, localization of peroxidases and vitamin E differs, partly because of the fat-solubility of vitamin E.) Some studies have indicated that about 0.12 or 0.23mg Se per kg of dry matter intake may be sufficient for avoiding Se deficiency in sheep in some circumstances. Here are 10 signs and symptoms of. Association between Selenium Status and Chronic Kidney Disease in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Based on CHNS Data. However, other observational studies failed to find statistically significant links between selenium concentrations and risk of heart disease or cardiac death, or they found that higher selenium concentrations are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease [45-47]. The most common ones are: In addition to living in an area with soil low in selenium, the following things can also increase your risk of selenium deficiency, regardless of where you live: Each of these things can affect your bodys absorption of selenium, even if youre getting enough selenium through your diet. [7] Increased risk for developing various diseases has also been noted, even when certain individuals lack optimal amounts of selenium, but not enough to be classified as deficient. Regardless of the form of selenium used, it is evident that inflammation is a key factor during selenium deficiency that leads to pathophysiology in the gut, which can be alleviated by increased expression of selenoproteins. In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when it is not possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients (e.g., during specific life stages such as pregnancy).". Cisplatin, an inorganic platinum chemotherapy agent, is used to treat ovarian, bladder, lung, and other cancers. In severe cases, selenium overdose may lead to breathing problems and can be fatal. [, Rees K, Hartley L, Day C, Flowers N, Clarke A, Stranges S. Selenium supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. eCollection 2022. Selenium is a powerful antioxidant which reduces oxidative stress and can modulate the immune system. Role of the Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway in inducing apoptosis and renal fibrosis in 5/6-nephrectomized rats. Professor Urban Alehagen, lead researcher on the KiSel-10 Study, recognized early on that senior citizens with low serum selenium status might be at risk of increased cardiovascular mortality. (2018). This blood test is used to monitor industrial exposure to selenium or to determine a selenium deficiency. More research is needed in this area. [, Vernie LN, de Goeij JJ, Zegers C, de Vries M, Baldew GS, McVie JG. Gynecol Oncol 2004;93:320-7. This typically happens in combination with an iodine deficiency. Extract of Corallodiscus flabellata attenuates renal fibrosis in SAMP8 mice via the Wnt/-catenin/RAS signaling pathway. For more information about building a healthy dietary pattern, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's MyPlate. Environ Res 2011;111:514-9. Does dietary intake of selenium protect against cancer? Kashin-Beck disease results in atrophy, degeneration and necrosis of cartilage tissue. It may be entirely possible that the symptoms of selenium deficiency may actually be mediated through their effects on your thyroid. Besides being essential for embryonic development, the identified inherited diseases with mutations in genes encoding selenoproteins or in essential factors involved in Se metabolism provide a more refined view on the essential role of selenoproteins [18,19,20].The first identified example was a central component of the . An analysis of data from the Supplmentation en Vitamines et Minraux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) study on 4,447 participants aged 45 to 60 years in France found that, compared with placebo, daily supplementation with 120 mg ascorbic acid, 30 mg vitamin E, 6 mg beta-carotene, 100 mcg selenium, and 20 mg zinc for 8 years was associated with higher episodic memory and semantic fluency test scores 6 years after the study ended [59]. Here are the top 6 selenium rich foods for your thyroid: Meats: lamb, chicken and turkey. Would you like email updates of new search results? Selenium-rich foods include: Brazil nuts Yellowfin tuna Rice Beans Whole-wheat bread Eggs Selenium deficiency is a rare condition but can lead to severe symptoms. Biol Trace Elem Res 2003;91:1-10. Hemodialysis removes some selenium from the blood [24]. sleep disorders. (2010). Scientists are studying selenium to understand how it affects health. Among healthy people in the U.S., a selenium deficiency is believed to be relatively uncommon. Being affected by Kashin-Beck disease, a chronic bone disorder, is associated with deficiency. Selenium and thyroid disease. Impact of a selenium chemoprevention clinical trial on hospital admissions of HIV-infected participants. Unfortunately, healthcare workers do not usually measure selenium levels in the body. Selenium works with vitamin E as an antioxidant. Cancer Lett 1988;40:83-91. Am J Epidemiol 2006;163:694-9. Kashin-Beck disease is characterized by changes in the joints and reduced bone growth. Taking more than 900 mcg per day can be toxic, however getting this amount from foods alone is extremely unlikely. Additional research is needed to determine whether selenium supplements can help prevent or treat thyroid disease. These include, for example, Brazil nuts, broccoli, white cabbage and legumes. In 2003, the FDA allowed a qualified health claim on foods and dietary supplements containing selenium to state that while "some scientific evidence suggests that consumption of selenium may reduce the risk of certain forms of cancer FDA has determined that this evidence is limited and not conclusive" [43]. According to research, populations in the U.S. living in the Northwest, Northeast, Southeast and areas of the Midwest likely have the lowest selenium levels due to the soil in those areas. [, Kupka R, Garland M, Msamanga G, Spiegelman D, Hunter D, Fawzi W. Selenium status, pregnancy outcomes, and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Authors Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. Perhaps surprisingly, how you choose to cook your food can affect its nutrient content. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:256-61. Ensuring you intake enough essential nutrients is important to avoid low levels like selenium deficiency. [, Gao S, Jin Y, Hall KS, Liang C, Unverzagt FW, Ji R, et al. [, Laclaustra M, Stranges S, Navas-Acien A, Ordovas JM, Guallar E. Serum selenium and serum lipids in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004. MeSH The lowest selenium intakes in the world are in certain parts of China, where large proportions of the population have a primarily vegetarian diet and soil selenium levels are very low [5]. Selenium. Crossref . Etude du Vieillissement Artriel. [, Hu YJ, Chen Y, Zhang YQ, Zhou MZ, Song XM, Zhang BZ, et al. Washington, DC: International Life Sciences Institute; 2006:480-97, Terry EN, Diamond AM. Chronically high intakes of the organic and inorganic forms of selenium have similar effects [6]. Three diseases are strongly linked to selenium deficiency: Keshan disease: . Selenium is a trace mineral found naturally in the soil and also in certain foods and water. The selenium content found in plant-based foods vary depending on the soil pH levels and in region. The supplements lowered levels of total plasma cholesterol and nonhigh-density-lipoprotein (HDL) plasma cholesterol (total cholesterol levels minus HDL levels) compared with the placebo group, whereas the 300 mcg/day dose significantly increased HDL levels. [, Duffield-Lillico AJ, Dalkin BL, Reid ME, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Jacobs ET, et al. and transmitted securely. Updated: (2011). Int J Mol Sci. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element in the body. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2012;21:320-6. Dietary supplement use in the United States, 2003-2006. Multiple incidents of brain fog. The results of observational studies are mixed [55]. Selenium. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. Additionally, cells become more prone to oxidative stress and negative effects of exposure to heavy metals (such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, etc.) [, Negro R, Greco G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, Hassan H. The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies. Selenium Deficiency Symptoms. . [, Xun P, Bujnowski D, Liu K, Morris JS, Guo Z, He K. Distribution of toenail selenium levels in young adult Caucasians and African Americans in the United States: the CARDIA Trace Element Study. [14] Dietary supplements may utilize sodium selenite, L-selenomethionine or selenium-enriched yeast. Furthermore, the Wnt pathway is critical for the development of tissue and organ fibrosis. Many multivitamins contain selenium, but you can also find it as a standalone product. Cisplatin can reduce selenium levels in hair and serum but whether these reductions have a clinically significant impact is not known [67,68]. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1567-75. The results of Masson staining showed fibrosis around the renal tubules, and the results of immunohistochemistry showed that the area of positive fibronectin expression increased. This means that higher selenium concentrations are found in crops grown in certain locations more so than others. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4726178/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6315874/, cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005195.pub2/full, pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1611576114, tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408398.2, ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional, movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mds.23218, academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/85/1/173/4649263, tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03014460.2020.1836253, 10 Signs and Symptoms of Iodine Deficiency, The 11 Most Nutrient-Dense Foods on the Planet, How to Identify and Treat a Vitamin E Deficiency, Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, How Cooking Affects the Nutrient Content of Foods, The 9 Best Magnesium Supplements, According to Dietitians, 9 Science-Backed Benefits of Cod Liver Oil. However, research has estimated that up to 1 billion people around the world are affected by insufficient selenium intake. Here are several ways you can help prevent and treat selenium deficiency: What foods are high in selenium? Some observational studies have found an inverse association between serum selenium concentrations and risk of hypertension or coronary heart disease. [15] Selenium deficiency is responsible (either alone or together with vitamin E deficiency) for many of the cases of WMD ("white muscle disease"), evidenced at slaughter or during necropsy by whitish appearance of striated muscle tissue due to bleaching by peroxides and hydroperoxides. Biol Trace Elem Res 123:3540 Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:892-9. Concentrations in blood and urine reflect recent selenium intake. Selenoprotein P[11] is a better indicator of selenium nutritional status, and full expression of it would require more than 66g/day.[12]. Liver cirrhosis is another risk factor, since selenium is metabolized by the liver to selenide, which is the form of the element required for the synthesis of selenoproteins. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals. [19] The cyanogenic glycosides in some white clover (Trifolium repens) varieties may influence the Se requirement,[18] presumably because of cyanide from the aglycone released by glucosidase activity in the rumen[20] and inactivation of glutathione peroxidases by the effect of absorbed cyanide on the glutathione moiety. Whilst studies are ongoing into the effect of selenium deficiency in female reproduction, it is considered to reduce fertility. Your doctors will also discuss with you any selenium deficiency symptoms you may be experiencing such as hair loss, fatigue, etc. Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, et al. In: Bowman B, Russell R, eds. Selenium deficiency mainly affects the normal physiological state of bone and cartilage through oxidative stress reaction and immune reaction. Selenium is a particularly important mineral because it supports the function of several systems. Plasma selenium is positively related to performance in neurological tasks assessing coordination and motor speed. Cao B, Zeng M, Si Y, Zhang B, Wang Y, Xu R, Huang Y, Feng W, Zheng X. BMC Complement Med Ther. Curr Nutr Rep 2012;1:16-23. Have a question? FDA does not require food labels to list selenium content unless selenium has been added to the food. Since a selenium deficiency can lead to . Soils contain inorganic selenites and selenates that plants accumulate and convert to organic forms, mostly selenocysteine and selenomethionine and their methylated derivatives. Nutrition 15:255 Serum selenium and peripheral arterial disease: results from the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2003-2004. Selenium intakes and serum concentrations in the United States and Canada vary somewhat by region because of differences in the amounts of selenium in soil and in local foods consumed [6,20]. The amount of selenium in a given type of plant-based food depends on the amount of selenium in the soil and several other factors, such as soil pH, amount of organic matter in the soil, and whether the selenium is in a form that is amenable to plant uptake [2,6,8,9]. Accessibility Effects of chemical form of selenium on plasma biomarkers in a high-dose human supplementation trial. Food-chain selenium and human health: emphasis on intake. For women who are pregnant or lactating, this increases to 70 mcg. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2017). Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): Average daily level of intake estimated to meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals; usually used to assess the nutrient intakes of groups of people and to plan nutritionally adequate diets for them; can also be used to assess the nutrient intakes of individuals. -, Lu J, Holmgren A (2009) Selenoproteins. If you have a condition that puts you at risk for selenium deficiency, you may want to have your levels tested to see if you can experience additional selenium benefits by taking a supplement. Selenium levels in relation to morbidity and mortality among children born to HIV-infected mothers. Observational studies have found an association between lower selenium concentrations in people with HIV and an increased risk of cardiomyopathy, death, and, in pregnant women, HIV transmission to offspring and early death of offspring [26-30]. However, these results were statistically significant only in women. J Biol Chem 284:723727 Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! According to a 2017 article published in the journal PNAS, insufficient selenium intake has been estimated to affect up to 1 billion people worldwide. Selenium deficiency risk is also predicted to increase under future climate change. Epub 2020 Mar 14. This is an enzyme that requires selenium to function. BJU Int 2003;91:608-12. Selenium deficiency can cause Keshan disease (a type of heart disease) and male infertility. Because this micronutrient is the essential factor of glutathione peroxidase synthesis and is involved in various metabolic processes, it may predispose individuals to various diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res 186:98105 Selenium deficiency risk predicted to increase under future climate change. In this study, we fed 1-day-old Hyline male chickens with Se deficient diets (the Deficiency, although relatively rare in healthy well-nourished individuals,[1] can have significant negative results,[2] affecting the health of the heart and the nervous system; contributing to depression, anxiety, and dementia; and interfering with reproduction and gestation. Researchers have evaluated whether taking an antioxidant supplement containing selenium reduces the risk of cognitive impairment in elderly people. 9th ed. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The selenium content of soil affects the amounts of selenium in the plants that animals eat, so the quantities of selenium in animal products also vary [2,5]. Cisplatin-induced changes of selenium levels and glutathione peroxidase activities in blood of testis tumor patients. [17] In general, absorption of dietary selenium is lower in ruminants than in non-ruminants, and is lower from forages than from grain. 2022 Dr. Axe. Thyroid disease. Yang C, Zhu C, Li Y, Li Z, Zhang Z, Xu J, Chen M, Li R, Liu S, Wu Y, Huang Z, Wu C. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. For example, your thyroid stores more selenium than anywhere else in the body because selenium plays a big part inmetabolicprocesses. Brazil nuts (it only takes one or two per day due to their high selenium content) Eggs. Therefore, do not exceed recommendations by supplementing with very high doses without consulting with a physician first. [, Bleys J, Navas-Acien A, Laclaustra M, Pastor-Barriuso R, Menke A, Ordovas J, et al. Selenium and human health. 11th ed. In one investigation, 10 groups of selenium-replete subjects were randomly assigned to receive a placebo or either 200 or 600 mcg/day selenium as selenomethionine, sodium selenite, or high-selenium yeast (in which an estimated 75% of selenium was in the form of selenomethionine) for 16 weeks [14]. Selenium is also a part of the enzymes that deiodinate thyroid hormones. Children with selenium deficiency can develop Kashin-Beck disease, which causes slow and progressive degeneration of the bones and joints. Most selenium is in the form of selenomethionine in animal and human tissues, where it can be incorporated nonspecifically with the amino acid methionine in body proteins. weight loss. Selenium deficiency is associated with arthropathies, such as Kashin-Beck disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis. The best sources include: Brazil nuts, eggs, sunflower seeds, liver, fish, turkey, chicken breast, chia seeds and mushrooms. Furthermore, ophthalmic outcomes improved in 61% of patients in the selenium group compared with 36% of those in the placebo group, and only 7% of the selenium group had mild progression of the disease, compared with 26% of those in the placebo group. A secondary analysis of the double-blind, randomized, controlled Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial in 1,312 U.S. adults with a history of basal cell or squamous cell carcinomas of the skin found that 200 mcg/day selenium as high-selenium bakers yeast for 6 years was associated with a 52% to 65% lower risk of prostate cancer [40]. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a healthy dietary pattern as one that: This fact sheet by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. In: Erdman JW, Macdonald IA, Zeisel SH, eds. [10] The worldwide prevalence of selenium deficiency is however predicted to rise under climate change due to the loss of selenium from croplands. [, Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, Bertrais S, Mennen L, Malvy D, et al. Selenium Deficiency-Induced Damage and Altered Expression of Mitochondrial Biogenesis Markers in the Kidneys of Mice. Epub 2019 Aug 7. Sources of selenium. Selenium deficiency in combination with Coxsackievirus infection can lead to Keshan disease, which is potentially fatal. Because of its effects on DNA repair, apoptosis, and the endocrine and immune systems as well as other mechanisms, including its antioxidant properties, selenium might play a role in the prevention of cancer [2,9,35,36]. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The authors of a systematic review that included nine placebo-controlled studies concluded that the available clinical evidence is insufficient to determine whether selenium supplements can prevent Alzheimers disease [55]. A meta-analysis of 25 observational studies found that people with lower selenium concentrations had a higher risk of coronary heart disease [44]. Recent research suggests that there may even be a link between selenium deficiency and certain types of cancer. Atherosclerosis 2010;210:662-7. 81472929/National Natural Science Foundation of China, NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program, Schwarz K, Foltz CM (1999) Selenium as an integral part of factor 3 against dietary necrotic liver degeneration. In many countries, eggs, meat and milk products that are fortified with selenium are also now available. Rasmussen LB, Schomburg L, Kohrle J, Pedersen IB, Hollenbach B, Hog A, et al. Nutr Rev 2010;68:671-81. Selenium deficiency occurs due to an insufficient dietary intake of selenium. Do not exceed the upper limit of any vitamins or minerals unless advised by your doctor. Selenium and vitamin E are essential in sheep diets, and work together to prevent and repair cell damage in the body. Selenium for preventing cancer. The regulation effect of WNT-RAS signaling in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus on renal fibrosis. Selenium deficiency symptoms can include: hair loss, reproductive issues, muscle weakness, fatigue, brain fog and thyroid dysfunction. 4) multiple sclerosis. Contenido en Espaol. This makes selenium deficiency more common in certain parts of the world. Plasma or serum selenium concentrations of 8 micrograms (mcg)/dL or higher in healthy people typically meet needs for selenoprotein synthesis [5]. The major food sources of selenium in the American diet are breads, grains, meat, poultry, fish, and eggs [7]. Selenium Deficiency When selenium deficiency occurs, it often results in biochemical dysfunction. Although selenium supplementation increases blood levels in hemodialysis patients, more evidence is needed to determine whether supplements have beneficial clinical effects in these individuals. One example is provided below. Heres what you need to know. While the RDA for selenium for adults is 55 micrograms/daily, the average daily intake of selenium in the U.S. and certain developed nations is believed to be 125 micrograms per day, which exceeds the daily requirement. Selenium deficiency, in combination with an infection, can lead to Keshan disease, which is a form of heart disease that occurs in parts of China. In the Se-deficient group, the levels of collagen I, collagen III, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and other fibrosis-related proteins changed significantly in vivo and in vitro. Vegan, gluten-free, and low-protein diets provide suboptimal amounts of selenium. The first-line treatment for selenium deficiency is to try to eat more foods that are high in selenium. JAMA 2009;301:39-51. The recommended daily intake of selenium is 70 g/day for adults that are ages 18+. The body tightly controls selenium levels, so too much or too little can both be problematic. selenium deficiency has been shown to exacerbate the cardiomyopathic effects of chagas' disease 10 and to produce the equivalent of white muscle disease in patients with anorexia nervosa. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of selenium supplements among HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania: effects on maternal and child outcomes. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Selenium deciency could exacerbate iodine deciency, potentially increasing the risk of goiter and related developmental retardation in . [, Bod ET, Stefnka Z, Ipolyi I, Srs C, Dernovics M, Fodor P. Preparation, homogeneity and stability studies of a candidate LRM for Se speciation. Ventura M, et al. Limits foods and beverages higher in added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium. Association of antioxidants with memory in a multiethnic elderly sample using the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Ann Intern Med 2011;154:656-65. In the UK it is 75g/day for adult males and 60g/day for adult females. Selenium deficiency is uncommon, but regions in China, Europe, Russia and New Zealand have low levels of selenium in croplands and diet. Some of the topselenium foods to include in your diet are:Brazil nuts, eggs, liver, tuna, cod and other fish, sunflower seeds and chia seeds, poultry, certain types of meat, barley, and mushrooms. Selenium may help protect against some cancers. Derumeaux H, Valeix P, Castetbon K, Bensimon M, Boutron-Ruault MC, Arnaud J, Hercberg S. Association of selenium with thyroid volume and echostructure in 35- to 60-year-old French adults. Intake recommendations for selenium and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) [6]. However, supplementation with any of these forms only affected plasma selenium levels and not glutathione peroxidase activity or selenoprotein P concentration, confirming that study participants were selenium replete before they began taking selenium supplements. Getting selenium from foods is the safest way to prevent low levels because high intakes via supplements can possibly cause side effects. Dig Dis 21: 266-270, 2003. The DV for selenium is 55 mcg for adults and children aged 4 years and older [13]. 2021 Jan;199(1):185-196. doi: 10.1007/s12011-020-02112-z. A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. Selenoproteins help prevent the oxidative modification of lipids, reducing inflammation and preventing platelets from aggregating [9]. Acute selenium toxicity associated with a dietary supplement. Most Americans consume adequate amounts of selenium. . Eur J Endocrinol 2011;164:585-90. Minerva Med. French adults' cognitive performance after daily supplementation with antioxidant vitamins and minerals at nutritional doses: a post hoc analysis of the Supplementation in Vitamins and Mineral Antioxidants (SU.VI.MAX) trial. Inorganic forms are also available, such as selenate and selenite, also which are highly bioavailable. Learn how mineral deficiency occurs and how its treated. We encourage you to talk to your health care providers (doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc.) Selenium deficiency leads in animal and man to rare diseases, which are unknown in Switzerland. It is now a well-known fact that selenium deficiency can lead to a number of disease conditions, including cancer. Selenium exists in two forms: inorganic (selenate and selenite) and organic (selenomethionine and selenocysteine) [2]. According to an analysis of data from the 20092010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the average daily selenium intake in Americans aged 2 years and older from foods is 108.5 mcg and from both foods and supplements is 120.8 mcg [15]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005;39:203-10. Keshan disease is caused by selenium deficiency and triggered by a viral infection, and it can damage the walls of the heart. Davis CD. Lin X, Zha Y, Zeng XZ, Dong R, Wang QH, Wang DT. [, Sieja K, Talerczyk M. Selenium as an element in the treatment of ovarian cancer in women receiving chemotherapy. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:148-54. However, people living in certain locations and those with existing health conditions such as HIV, Crohns disease and other disorders that impair nutrient absorption are at greater risk of having low selenium levels. Careers. The recommended daily allowance for selenium depends on your age and is as follows, according to the USDA: (9). However, some people are obtaining or absorbing less due to their diets and gastrointestinal health. Women with thyroid peroxidase antibodies tend to develop hypothyroxinemia while they are pregnant and thyroid dysfunction and hypothyroidism after giving birth [9]. [, Reid SM, Middleton P, Cossich MC, Crowther CA. Plasma selenium is positively related to performance in neurological tasks assessing coordination and motor speed. Acute selenium toxicity can cause severe gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms, acute respiratory distress syndrome, myocardial infarction, hair loss, muscle tenderness, tremors, lightheadedness, facial flushing, kidney failure, cardiac failure, and, in rare cases, death [2,6]. Selenium (Se) is a part of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which metabolizes hydroperoxides formed from polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the United States, 18% to 19% of adults and children use a dietary supplement containing selenium [16]. Some small studies have shown that selenium supplementation can reduce cisplatins toxicity [69] but the authors of a Cochrane review concluded that the evidence that selenium supplementation alleviates the side effects of chemotherapy is insufficient [70]. 2) liver necrosis. Many studies have investigated the immune damage caused by Se deficiency in chickens, but its mechanism still needs to be explored. 1.1. Some factors that can contribute to low selenium levels include: The amount of selenium in soil differs a lot depending on the location, due to factors like amount of rainfall, evaporation and pH levels. Jones GD, et al. 2020 Mar;40(2):126-137. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2020.01.004. It helps protect cells against damage by free radicals, which are reactive by-products of normal cell activity. [, Marcocci C, Kahaly GJ, Krassas GE, Bartalena L, Prummel M, Stahl M, et al. [, Kupka R, Mugusi F, Aboud S, Msamanga GI, Finkelstein JL, Spiegelman D, et al. This article is based on scientific evidence, written by experts and fact checked by our trained editorial staff. are clickable links to these studies. Selenium deficiency is a significant predictor of HIV- . Selenium intakes in North America, even in low-selenium regions, are well above the RDA [19,20]. [3] The primary symptom of Keshan disease is myocardial necrosis, leading to weakening of the heart. [, Dennert G, Horneber M. Selenium for alleviating the side effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery in cancer patients. More research is needed to confirm the relationship between selenium concentrations and cancer risk and to determine whether selenium supplements can help prevent any form of cancer. What are the main symptoms of a selenium deficiency? Its believed that the accuracy of hair tests is not very consistent, since the mineral is stored differently throughout different organs and systems. Mushrooms: crimini and shiitake. The clinical signs of white muscle disease vary according to the particular muscle groups affected. Almost all of the subjects in these clinical trials were well-nourished male adults in the United States. These populations average consuming 60 to 90 micrograms per day, which is still considered to be adequate intake but less than other populations where the soil is more selenium-rich. For example, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Composition Database, Brazil nuts have 544 mcg selenium/ounce, but values from other analyses vary widely [10-12]. [15] However, somewhat higher Se intake may be required for avoidance of WMD where certain legumes are consumed. High risk of HIV-related mortality is associated with selenium deficiency. Selenium (Se) intake disequilibrium is associated with many human diseases (e.g., Keshan disease and type 2 diabetes). This Dr. Axe content is medically reviewed or fact checked to ensure factually accurate information. Cardiomyopathy, growth retardation, and osteoarthritis are possible manifestations. Before Arch Intern Med 2004;164:2335-42. Although intakes in New Zealand were low in the past, they rose after the country increased its importation of high-selenium wheat [9]. are clickable links to medically peer-reviewed studies. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:404-10. However, the authors called for large randomized clinical trials to provide high-quality evidence of this effect. Selenium exposure and cancer risk: An updated meta-analysis and meta-regression. The Food and Drug Administration does not monitor the purity or quality of supplements like they do for drugs. Several large population based intervention trials using oral administration of sodium selenite tablets showed significant reduction of Keshan disease incidence. Deficiencies of either or both selenium and vitamin E can cause weaner illthrift, reduced wool production, reduced ewe fertility, reduced immune response and white muscle disease. Br J Nutr 2008;100:254-68. A possible protective effect of selenium against human malignancy was first suggested in 1969, after the observation of a decreased cancer incidence in populations within the United States with a higher selenium intake. [, Akbaraly TN, Hininger-Favier I, Carriere I, Arnaud J, Gourlet V, Roussel AM, et al. Selenium level and cognitive function in rural elderly Chinese. Eur J Cancer 2006;42:2463-71. These foods include Brazil nuts, yellow-fin tuna, beans, rice, whole-wheat bread, oysters, halibut, eggs, sardines, sunflower seeds, chicken breasts and shiitake mushrooms. Mol Med Rep. 2017 Jun;15(6):3575-3582. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6461. Thus . Some of the selenium-rich food items are nuts, sardines, ham, pork, beef, turkey, chicken, fish, shellfish, and eggs. Selenium can help to increase immunity, takes part inantioxidantactivity that defends against free radical damage and inflammation, and plays a key role in maintaining a healthy metabolism. A cross-sectional study of blood selenium concentration and cognitive function in elderly Americans: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 20112014. It acts in combination with vitamin E to maintain the integrity of the cell membranes, participating in redox reactions with hydrogen peroxide-producing glutathione. Plasma selenium over time and cognitive decline in the elderly. memory disorders. (2018). Compared with the control group, the TRNAU1AP-shRNA group showed markedly reduced cell proliferation and migration abilities. Selenium. Eating foods high in selenium helps in the treatment of selenium deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:1263-8. As discussed earlier, Brazil nuts contain very high amounts of selenium (6891 mcg per nut) and could cause selenium toxicity if consumed regularly. [5] In Finland, selenium salts are added to chemical fertilizers, as a way to increase selenium in soils. Xie C, Zeng M, Shi Z, Li S, Jiang K, Zhao Y. Nutrients. If you think you may have a selenium deficiency, work with a qualified healthcare professional to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms. Selenium. Quantification of one or more selenoproteins (such as glutathione peroxidase and selenoprotein P) is also used as a functional measure of selenium status [3]. J Nephrol. Randomized controlled trials of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention have yielded conflicting results. What happens when you have a selenium deficiency? This effect was strongest in men in the lowest tertile of selenium concentrations who had a baseline prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of 4 ng/mL or lower. March 26, 2021 [16] Although this degenerative disease can occur in foals, pigs and other animal species, ruminants are particularly susceptible. Selenium concentration is higher in the thyroid gland than in any other organ in the body, and, like iodine, selenium has important functions in thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. Selenium deficiency refers to not having enough selenium in your system. Therefore, the Wnt/-catenin pathway may play an important role in renal fibrosis caused by Se deficiency. Selenium deficiency could exacerbate iodine deficiency, potentially increasing the risk of cretinism in infants [ 2, 5 ]. The safe upper limit is 300 g/day. Epub 2017 Apr 12. [, Shahar A, Patel KV, Semba RD, Bandinelli S, Shahar DR, Ferrucci L, et al. Selenium deficiency leads to. A cross-sectional study in 805 adults with mild iodine deficiency in Denmark also found a significant inverse association between serum selenium concentration and thyroid volume in women [61]. When foods high in selenium arent an option, selenium supplements can also help. Your body requires many minerals to function properly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006:CD005037. Stephensen CB, et al. The U.S. Department of Agricultures (USDAs) FoodData Central [10] lists the nutrient content of many foods and provides a comprehensive list of foods containing selenium arranged by nutrient content and by food name. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1999;15:508-13. Selenium deficiency is associated with cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure in geographic areas where dietary selenium intake is low.80 This has been named as the Keshan disease, due to the geographical prevalence of a specific form of DCM in northeast China, in which the soil has a low selenium content. Randomized, controlled trials of selenium supplementation in patients with thyroid disease have had varied results. In two large studies, participants with lower plasma selenium levels at baseline were more likely to experience cognitive decline over time, although whether the participants in these studies were selenium deficient is not clear [53,56,57]. [, Chen J. HIV Clin Trials 2002;3:483-91. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) Pregnant women should pay special attention to consuming this nutrient, because scientists are finding that selenium deficiencies can lead to the development of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM), a potentially lethal heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:370-8. [. Deficiency in this mineral is relatively rare, but is more likely to affect people with certain health conditions, those with impaired immunity, those who avoid selenium foods, and people living in certain parts of the world where the soil has a low mineral content. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012:225-37, Sunde RA. Selenium is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. Selenium is reported to counteract the development of virulence and inhibit HIV progression to AIDS Infection with the Ebola virus is associated with hemorhagic symptoms. Selenium is available in multivitamin/multimineral supplements and as a stand-alone supplement, often in the forms of selenomethionine or of selenium-enriched yeast (grown in a high-selenium medium) or as sodium selenite or sodium selenate [2,5,6]. Selenium deficiency is very rare in the United States and Canada, and selenium deficiency in isolation rarely causes overt illness [6]. . Dennert G, Zwahlen M, Brinkman M, Vinceti M, Zeegers MP, Horneber M. Selenium for preventing cancer. Marginal or deficient selenium concentrations might be associated with age-related declines in brain function, possibly due to decreases in seleniums antioxidant activity [53,54]. Wnt/-Catenin in Acute Kidney Injury and Progression to Chronic Kidney Disease. Includes a variety of protein foods such as lean meats; poultry; eggs; seafood; beans, peas, and lentils; nuts and seeds; and soy products. Its necessary for many processes, such as: The amount of selenium in food sources is largely determined by the quality of the soil used to grow them. [, Campa A, Shor-Posner G, Indacoche F, Zhang G, Lai H, Asthana D, Scott GB, Baum MK. The amount of selenium in drinking water is not nutritionally significant in most geographic regions [2,6]. Selenium is depleted in Crohn's disease on enteral nutrition. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48:1285-91. The federal government's 20202025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods. Injectable selenium-containing polymeric hydrogel formulation for effective treatment of myocardial infarction. Quick menu - Mobile (425) 688-5000; MyChart; Careers To understand the mechanism of Se deficiency-induced hepatic pathogenesis, a pure line pig model was established by feeding a diet with either 0.07 mg/kg Se or 0.3 mg/kg Se for 16 weeks. Include selenium foods in your diet to help bring levels up. [, Flores-Mateo G, Navas-Acien A, Pastor-Barriuso R, Guallar E. Selenium and coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. 5. Are men with low selenium levels at increased risk of prostate cancer? Bookshelf [, Baum MK, Shor-Posner G, Lai S, Zhang G, Lai H, Fletcher MA, Sauberlich H, Page JB. Selenium deficiency and iodine deficiency are also considered common in people affected byKeshan disease, a cardiovascular disease, andKashin-Beck disease, a chronic bone, joint and cartilage disorder that is most prevalent in parts of Asia. 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