A malevolent character that resembles and is usually related to (most commonly a literal, A desirable, wholesome, and naive young woman, also described as being an "open-air type" and "public-spirited", In Western films, the "long-suffering farmer's wife" is a foil used as a contrast to the other female stock characters (, In this stereotype, also called a "Mexican Spitfire" (or "Latin Spitfire"), a Hispanic woman's ditzy antics are used to make the audience laugh derisively at her. [12] Second Zanni are assumed to be from the lower city of Bergamo. The longer the nose of the Zanni, the stupider he is said to be. Later in the century, Fred Payne and Harry Payne, known as the Payne Brothers, were the most famous Harlequin and Clown, respectively, of their day.[15]. It concentrates more on dialogue and less on music, although N instrumentalists sometimes appear also in Kygen. 1981. Pantomime has a long theatrical history in Western culture dating back to classical theatre. 70. In. [3] An important part of the pantomime, until the late 19th century, was the harlequinade. 2003. A stock character is a dramatic or literary character representing a generic type in a conventional, simplified manner and recurring in many fictional works. This page was last edited on 10 December 2022, at 22:14. Urdu drama has had an important influence on Bombay Film industry and all the early works of Urdu theatre (performed by Parsi Companies) were made into films. They often have a good heart and may end up helping the protagonist. The episode, "Next Stop, Nowhere", depicted punks as nihilistic "spiky-haired teenagers and flippant young adults" who are "cartoonishly naive and short-sighted" and full of "punk rage", and who think with "rigid ideology and relentless hopelessness". Another character is a servant in the father's establishment. A busy mother of the protagonist family, she takes care of the children and does the housework. A stock character, popular in 16th-century Spanish literature, who is, French for "great lady"; a haughty, flamboyant and elegant woman, prone to extravagant and eccentric fashion. His servant Clown's antics, however, slowed him in his pursuit of the lovers. He may be a, A supernatural being in fairy tales and fantasy literature who helps the protagonist or tests them. Used in the, Story Quest, Tartaglia, Monoceros Caeli Chapter: Act I -, Archon Quest, Interlude Chapter, Act III -, Teyvat Chapter Interlude Teaser: A Winter Night's Lazzo, The Night-Bird Falls at the Curtain's Call, The Fascinating Bracelet and the Whitesilk Mantle, The Eleven Executive Officers of the Fatui, The Eleven Fatuus (Executive Officers of the Fatui), The Harbingers' titles are derived from the stock characters in. In Banham (1998, 516525). He is obsessive over a romantic partner (or love interest), to the point where it is his dominant personality trait, and usually views life very optimistically. The good fairy enters from stage right (left from the audience's perspective) and the villain enters from stage left (right from the audience's perspective). Pageview-- var data r escapedocument. Comedy is a genre of fiction that consists of discourses or works intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, film, stand-up comedy, television, radio, books, or any other entertainment medium. Brockett, Oscar G. and Franklin J. Hildy. They may have mental health issues or addiction, and they are hard to be around due to their narcissism and frustration. Everyman, for example, includes such figures as Good Deeds, Knowledge and Strength, and this characterisation reinforces the conflict between good and evil for the audience. [47], Pantomime story lines and scripts usually make no direct reference to Christmas, and are almost always based on traditional children's stories, particularly the fairy tales of Charles Perrault, Joseph Jacobs, Hans Christian Andersen and the Grimm Brothers. [58] With the Islamic conquests that began in the 10th and 11th centuries, theatre was discouraged or forbidden entirely. The lovers, who played unmasked, were scarcely true commedia dellarte characterstheir popularity depending on looks, grace, and fluency in an eloquent Tuscan dialect. [18] The Zanni at first wore a full faced carnival mask, but because of the need for dialogue between Pantalone and the Zanni, the bottom of the mask was hinged and eventually cut away altogether. A character with no distinguishing characteristics whose sole purpose is to provide nominal diversity to the cast. [55] Billington said that Ian McKellen in a 2004 Aladdin "lets down his hair and lifts up his skirt to reveal a nifty pair of legs and an appetite for double entendre: when told by decorators that 'your front porch could do with a good lick', McKellen adopts a suitable look of mock-outrage. 1997. May also be known as a "tart with a heart". [9], Western drama originates in classical Greece. [4][7][13] Colombina became the most common name used to describe the sobretta character, especially as Colombine in France and in England. Scaramouche's and Pierro's names use the francized names instead of the Italian ones, which are Scaramuccia and Pedrolino respectively. [8] After the renaissance of classical culture, Roman pantomime was a decisive influence upon modern European concert dance, helping to transform ballet from a mere entertainment, a display of technical virtuosity, into the dramatic ballet d'action. A character sharing the traits of its author or creator. The most popular dictionary and thesaurus. [Note 2] A Zanni also has an animistic view of the world in that he senses a spirit in everything, so it could be eaten. Through time, the Zanni grew to be a popular figure who was first seen in commedia as early as the 14th century. Mohan Rakesh in Hindi and Danish Iqbal in Urdu are considered architects of new age Drama. Authors of this period drew some of their storylines from Greek mythology and Roman mythology or from the plays of eminent Roman playwrights such as Plautus and Terence. A delivery person roped into a sexual affair with a married customer. [52], Another pantomime tradition is to engage celebrity guest stars, a practice that dates back to the late 19th century, when Augustus Harris was proprietor of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, and hired well-known variety artists for his pantomimes. 1998. It has tiny eyeholes and quizzically arched eyebrows. Gung Ho (1986). Vanbrugh's The Provoked Wife (1697) has a light touch and more humanly recognisable characters, while The Relapse (1696) has been admired for its throwaway wit and the characterisation of Lord Foppington, an extravagant and affected burlesque fop with a dark side. [13] Aeschylus' historical tragedy The Persians is the oldest surviving drama, although when it won first prize at the City Dionysia competition in 472 BC, he had been writing plays for more than 25 years. [27][28] He gained great popularity for his pantomimes, especially beginning with his 1724 production of The Necromancer; or, History of Dr. They may be naive and vulnerable. [9] In Harlequin Amulet; or, The Magick of Mona, later the same year, Harlequin was modified, becoming an increasingly stylised romantic character leaving the mischief and chaos to Grimaldi's Clown. [19], In the English harlequinade, Pantaloon emerged as the greedy, elderly father of Columbine who tries to keep the lovers separated but was no match for Harlequin's cleverness. John Rich brought the British pantomime and harlequinade to great popularity in the early 18th century and became the most famous early Harlequin in England. A henchman or gang member who commits violent crimes. A man who habitually behaves immorally, and is especially, a womanizer. The zannis were probably the most important and it is from them we derive the word zany. Spaced out, marijuana-loving Californian surfer who wisecracks their way through life and uses youthful slang. [33], Many plays survive from France and Germany in the late Middle Ages, when some type of religious drama was performed in nearly every European country. Commedia dell'arte (/ k m e d i d l r t e, k -,- m d i ,- r t i /; Italian: [kommdja dellarte]; lit. Many of these plays contained comedy, devils, villains, and clowns. [1][Note 1] Through time, the Zanni grew to be a popular figure who was first seen in commedia as early as the 14th century. Spoken drama was allowed in London only in the two (later three) patent theatres until Parliament changed this restriction in 1843. [21], Zanni Jubilant involves skipping on his toes with his center of gravity moving from side to side. [33] As manager of Drury Lane in the 1870s, Augustus Harris produced and co-wrote a series of extraordinarily popular pantomimes, focusing on the spectacle of the productions, that pushed this transition by emphasizing comic business in the pantomime opening and grand processionals. [12] Between the two of them they make up one person of "less than average intelligence". An awkward man who is excessively attached to his mother. A sidekick to a funny person who makes his partner look all the more ridiculous by being completely serious. [52] In Medieval Europe, early forms of mime, such as mummer plays and later dumbshows, evolved. [24] In re-working the Greek originals, the Roman comic dramatists abolished the role of the chorus in dividing the drama into episodes and introduced musical accompaniment to its dialogue (between one-third of the dialogue in the comedies of Plautus and two-thirds in those of Terence). Named after the common (but false) myth regarding, A persistent, indefatigable villain, equal to or better than the hero(es) in skill and power, who thwarts all attacks and, A socially-awkward, obsessive, or overly-intellectual person. This was a "comedy of professional artists" travelling from province to province in Italy and then France, who improvised and told comic stories that held lessons for the crowd, changing the main character depending on where they were performing. "Form and Performance." A protagonist lacking conventional heroic qualities, such as. [70] Since 2013, Theatre Replacement has been producing East Van Panto in partnership with The Cultch in Vancouver. When producers ran short of plots from Greek or Roman mythology they turned to British folk stories, popular literature and, by 1800, nursery tales. He would grease the doorstep of a butcher's shop with butter to outwit his pursuers. [1] They also have had their abilities boosted with the Delusions granted to them by the Tsaritsa. Il Dottore (pronounced [il dottore], 'the Doctor'), commonly known in Italian as Dottor Balan or simply Balanzone ([balantsone]; Bolognese Emilian: Dutur Balanzn) is a commedia dell'arte stock character, in one scenario being an obstacle to young lovers. Baumer, Rachel Van M., and James R. Brandon, eds. There were many characters in commedia dellarte. He has written 14 other plays including Dilli Jo Ek Shehr Thaa and Main Gaya Waqt Nahin hoon. N drama was supported by the government, and particularly the military, with many military commanders having their own troupes and sometimes performing themselves. [19] Although this constraint was only temporary, English pantomimes remained primarily visual for some decades before dialogue was introduced. Brown, Andrew. "Miser" characters range from excessively thrifty, but otherwise benign types, to avaricious, cold-hearted types who are willing to harm others. The Zanni has to lower his center of gravity. After the time of Grimaldi, Clown became the principal schemer trying to thwart the lovers, and Pantaloon was merely his assistant.[36]. A priest or ordained minister who shows clear signs of moral weakness, either due to alcohol use or other forbidden activities, while at the same time teaching a higher standard and showing courage and moral resolve on a broader level. A reckless, impulsive macho character known for taking risks. An impoverished painter, jazz musician, screenwriter, or novelist who is so dedicated to their artistic vision, that they refuse to, A demon that appears in the form of a female lover. ; Romeo and Juliet, a 1932 short story retelling by Karel apek. [citation needed], A Zanni is known to take and briefly keep items that belong to someone else. He often has, In American films and television shows, a Black best friend is a secondary character, often female, who is used to "guide White characters out of challenging circumstances." A person destined by prophecy to save the world, frequently possessed of unusual skills or abilities. [3] At Lincoln's Inn, John Rich presented and performed as Harlequin in similar productions. Chinese opera has seen a more conservative development over a somewhat longer period of time. [92], United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Its roots in the United States began in the early 1900s. These plays usually have an emphasis on moral dilemmas, and good always triumphs over evil, this kind of play is also very entertaining making it a very effective way of reaching many people. The English word zany derives from this person. [87] A production at Olympic Theatre in New York of Humpty Dumpty ran for at least 943 performances between 1868 and 1873,[88] (one source says 1,200 performances),[5] becoming the longest-running pantomime in history. A slapstick comedy routine may be performed, often a decorating or baking scene, with humour based on throwing messy substances. An embittered, usually psychotic, faded ex-celebrity, typically an old woman. A password reset link will be sent to you by email. In Chinese and Japanese, the Harbingers' aliases are translations of the Italian commedia name, while the Italian name is their actual name among the Harbingers. [3] But whatever the story shown in the first part of the entertainment, the harlequinade remained essentially the same. In the film The Devil Wears Prada, Tracie Thoms plays friend to lead character played by Anne Hathaway; Aisha Tyler played a friend to Jennifer Love Hewitt on The Ghost Whisperer; Lisa Nicole Carson played a friend to lead character Calista Flockhart on Ally McBeal. The sages think themselves to be all-knowing.But we alone are wise to the virtue in those acts of folly. [11] Throughout the 19th century, as stage machinery and technology improved, the transformation of the set became more and more spectacular. [citation needed], Roman pantomime was immensely popular from the end of the first century BC until the end of the sixth century AD,[15] a form of entertainment that spread throughout the empire where, because of its wordless nature, it did more than any other art to foster knowledge of the myths and Roman legends that formed its subject-matter tales such as those of the love of Venus and Mars and of Dido and Aeneas while in Italy its chief exponents were celebrities, often the protegs of influential citizens, whose followers wore badges proclaiming their allegiance and engaged in street-fights with rival groups, while its accompanying songs became widely known. These stock characters like the young lovers, the witty servant and the pompous king were exaggerated stereotypes that appeared in many plays. [20], The Big Zanni walk includes sticking the chest forward and the backside up. For more information on these ancient Greek dramatists, see. He is a dull-witted peasant who can be simple and also ridiculous. A person who exhibits a very wide range of abilities and knowledge, making him a form of, A character, often supernatural or fable-like, who provides, A young child who joins the cast of an ongoing series (usually a. The thing they fear, often a ghost, appears behind them, but at first the characters ignore the audience's warnings of danger. "Stereotyping in films in general and of the Hispanic in particular". A noble, brave being with extraordinary powers who dedicates their life to defending the general public. It involves stock characters comic servants, young lovers, self-important pedants and soldiers each one recognisable by stylised costumes, masks and exaggerated gestures. The occult detective may have few or no supernatural powers of their own (or, if possessing such powers, little understanding of how to harness them) and instead rely on someone who does, such as a psychic or medium, as a sidekick. Based on the radius, a new location list is generated for you to choose from. Several later professional productions did not recover their costs. A usurped, just ruler whose return or triumph restores peace. [1] The following list labels some of these stereotypes and provides examples. He never holds a grudge or seeks revenge. Harlequinade is a British comic theatrical genre, defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as "that part of a pantomime in which the harlequin and clown play the principal parts". Creative drama includes dramatic activities and games used primarily in educational settings with children. The dancer danced all the roles, relying on masks, stock poses and gestures and a hand-language (cheironomy) so complex and expressive that the pantomime's hands were commonly compared to an eloquent mouth. At the same time, Harlequin began to be portrayed in a more romantic and stylised way. Rudlin and Crick use the Italian spelling Colombina in Commedia dell'arte: A Handbook for Troupes. [39] They are often shown using mystical powers of fortune telling, and they may be associated with "sinister occult and criminal tendencies"[40] and with "thievery and cunning",[41] Romani women have been portrayed as provocative, sexually available, gaudy, exotic and mysterious.[42]. "India." The evolution of the character Zanni was of two distinct types, one of the silly servant and the other of the cunning servant. Genshin Impact Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. Commedia was the successor to Roman theater, masked like its predecessor but having little else in common. "[35] Grimaldi's performances were important in expanding the importance of the harlequinade until it dominated the pantomime entertainment. Zanni is also always hungry, which leads to a vision of Utopia where "everything is comestible, reminiscent of the followers of gluttony in carnival processions". Theatre has flourished in Urdu (which was called Hindi by early writers), along with Gujrati, Marathi, and Bengali. [failed verification] Yet, because of the limits imposed upon Roman citizens' dance, the populism of its song-texts and other factors, the art was as much despised as adored,[15] and its practitioners were usually slaves or freedmen. Urdu theatre tradition has greatly influenced modern Indian theatre. Location (postal code or address): Search radius km . Arlecchino and Capitano's ranks as Tenth and Fourth, although not yet officially stated, can be deduced between the following: Wanderer confirms, Uses a lost art she learned at Sumeru Akademiya as the Crimson Witch to summon flames without a Vision. Chinese theatre has a long and complex history. In. [3][18], The development of English pantomime was also strongly influenced by the continental commedia dell'arte, a form of popular theatre that arose in Italy in the Early Modern Period. In his view, there was no proper balance between music and theatre in the operas of his time, because the music seemed to be more important than the dramatic aspects in these works. All of the Harbingers are revered by their subordinates and underlings, often addressing them "Lord" or "Lady," and try not to get on their bad side. The commedia erudita, plays from printed texts popular in Italy in the 16th century, and the improvisational commedia dellarte that flourished in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century used characters and plot conventions that originated in Greek New Comedy. Introduction. In Easterling (1997c, 3653). The male equivalent has been referred to as a "Gary Stu" or "Marty Stu". [78] They are mainly performed by Dubai Panto[79] (a trade name of h2 Productions.ae[80]) in conjunction with Outside the Box Events LLC. [9] A scenario must always have at least two Zanni. Does physical comedy and relates to children in the audience. They tend to be lonely and. [11] In pantomime, the love scenes between Harlequin and Columbine dwindled into brief displays of dancing and acrobatics, the fairy-tale opening was restored to its original pre-eminence, and by the end of the 19th century the harlequinade had become merely a brief epilogue to the pantomime. [6] She played the part about 1683.[16]. [3], Once someone join the ranks of the Harbingers is assigned to them a number, which is based both on the raw capability of the individual and the overall contribution they make to the cause of the Tsaritsa. Being strongly intertwined with western classical music, the opera has undergone enormous changes in the past four centuries and it is an important form of theatre until this day. Commedia dell'arte An Actors Handbook. They sometimes engage in sexual activity, but not always. The first Zanni is also known to be the go-between. The following list labels some of these stereotypes and provides examples. "'Deep Plays': Theatre as Process in Greek Civic Life." [22] From these, the standard English harlequinade developed, depicting the eloping lovers Harlequin and Columbine, pursued by the girl's father Pantaloon and his comic servants Clown and Pierrot. [4] Zanni was shortened to Zan when used to provide further identification of an individual. They range from lawyers who work within the law, by, An elected official who is embroiled in corruption and scandals such as taking bribes, using secret slush funds, embezzling money, or engaging in affairs with staff (or other, A character who begins as calm and collected but increasingly becomes more angry and exasperated as the childish antics of those around them escalate. Usual role is to help (traditionally silly) hero defeat (much more intelligent) villain. The characters soon circle the bench, followed by the ghost, as the audience cries "It's behind you!" Italy is also considered part of Western Europe. The single play that does most to support the charge of obscenity levelled then and now at Restoration comedy is probably Wycherley's masterpiece The Country Wife (1675), whose title contains a lewd pun and whose notorious "china scene" is a series of sustained double entendres.[40]. [64], Christmas pantomimes are performed yearly at the Hudson Village Theatre in Quebec. [28] Historians do not know who wrote the only extant example of the fabula praetexta (tragedies based on Roman subjects), Octavia, but in former times it was mistakenly attributed to Seneca due to his appearance as a character in the tragedy.[27]. [6] The theatre historian David Mayer explains the use of the "batte" or slapstick and the "transformation scene": Rich gave his Harlequin the power to create stage magic in league with offstage craftsmen who operated trick scenery. Critic Michael Billington has argued that if the star enters into the spirit of the entertainment, he or she likely adds to its overall effect, while if it becomes a "showcase for a star" who "stands outside the action", the celebrity's presence likely detracts, notwithstanding the marketing advantage that the star brings to the piece. This archetype originated during the era of slavery, and it is considered to be a pejorative racial stereotype. Some items that the Zanni would keep would be bags, letters, valuables, or food. Armed with a magic sword or bat (actually a slapstick), Rich's Harlequin treated his weapon as a wand, striking the scenery to sustain the illusion of changing the setting from one locale to another. Originally, a black mask, which allowed the actor to lift it and reveal himself sometimes. Resulting differences of tone in a single play were appreciated rather than frowned on, as the audience prized "variety" within as well as between plays. He was so extravagantly natural, that the most saturnine looker-on acknowledged his sway; and neither the wise, the proud, or the fair, the young nor the old, were ashamed to laugh till tears coursed down their cheeks at Joe and his comicalities. Banham (1998, 8) and Brockett and Hildy (2003, 1516). A two-time rhythm is used with even beats. Brandon (1997, 72), Richmond (1998, 516), and Richmond, Swann, and Zarrilli (1993, 12). Characters have colorful monikers such as "Nathan Detroit", "Benny Southstreet", "Big Jule", "Harry the Horse", "Good Time Charley", "Dave the Dude", or "The Seldom Seen Kid". [40] It lingered for a few decades longer but finally disappeared, although a few of its comic elements had been incorporated into the pantomime stories. Harlequin was the first word (or the first word after the "or") because Harlequin was initially the most important character. [22], By the beginning of the 2nd century BC, drama was firmly established in Rome and a guild of writers (collegium poetarum) had been formed. When the Zanni's leg lifts, his chest is forward and his arms are in the position of a chicken. [15] Her granddaughter, Caterina Biancolelli, was one of the most famous serettas whose name was Colombina. In the second case, harlequin was used as an adjective, followed by words that described the pantomime "opening", for example: Harlequin Cock Robin and Jenny Wren; or, Fortunatus and the Water of Life, the Three Bears, the Three Gifts, the Three Wishes, and the Little Man who Woo'd the Little Maid. Increase the search radius for more results. A usually comic villain whose short stature drives him to seek world domination. The feet are to be pointed, shoulders down, and elbows forward. He then became the villain of the piece, playing elaborate, cartoonish practical jokes on policemen, soldiers, tradesmen and passers-by, tripping people with butter slides and crushing babies, with the assistance of his elderly accomplice, Pantaloon. ", A corrupt attorney who uses technicalities to get obviously guilty, but wealthy and well-paying, clients acquitted. The Zanni's feet are constantly changing but on each shift, The Zanni takes a tiny step forward. The Second Shepherds' Play from the Wakefield cycle is a farcical story of a stolen sheep that its protagonist, Mak, tries to pass off as his new-born child asleep in a crib; it ends when the shepherds from whom he has stolen are summoned to the Nativity of Jesus. akuntal (in English translation) influenced Goethe's Faust (18081832).[68]. For the surname, see. The sense of clown as referring to a professional or habitual fool or jester developed soon after 1600, based on Elizabethan rustic fool characters such as Shakespeare's. As a character, she appeared in a song, the first stanza of which often functions now as a nursery rhyme. Famous early playwrights include Bhasa, Kalidasa (famous for Vikrama and Urvashi, Malavika and Agnimitra, and The Recognition of Shakuntala), udraka (famous for The Little Clay Cart), Asvaghosa, Dain, and Emperor Harsha (famous for Nagananda, Ratnavali, and Priyadarsika). His plays are world classics, staged on every continent, and studied in classrooms everywhere. Young, naive and impressionable, the raw recruit has to learn how to live with military discipline and understand the reasons behind the way the military works. As they live next door to them, this creates a pretext for frequent unwanted interactions. [62] Maclean's calls it a "fake Hollywood-ized version of a punk".[63]. [8] He developed jokes, catch-phrases and songs that were used by subsequent Clowns for decades after his retirement in 1828, and Clowns were generically called "Joey" for four generations after him. A character, often a child (or a child-like adult) who is shows moral purity, kindness and goodness. [90] Stages Repertory Theatre in Houston, Texas, has been performing original pantomime-style musicals during the Christmas holidays since 2008. Restoration comedy refers to English comedies written and performed in England during the Restoration period from 1660 to 1710. [10] It is a must that they are cynically sharp. Tavern Bilkers, by John Weaver, the dancing master at Drury Lane, is cited as the first pantomime produced on the English stage. [22][23] In English versions, by the 18th century, Harlequin became the central figure and romantic lead. Richmond, Swann, and Zarrilli (1993, 12). Danish Iqbal's play Dara Shikoh directed by M. S. Sathyu is a modern classic that uses newer theatre techniques and a contemporary perspective. Other important playwrights of the modern era include Antonin Artaud, August Strindberg, Anton Chekhov, Frank Wedekind, Maurice Maeterlinck, Federico Garca Lorca, Eugene O'Neill, Luigi Pirandello, George Bernard Shaw, Ernst Toller, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams, Jean Genet, Eugne Ionesco, Samuel Beckett, Harold Pinter, Friedrich Drrenmatt, Dario Fo, Heiner Mller, and Caryl Churchill. Rank-and-file Fatui consider a sparring session with a Harbinger an honor. In Easterling (1997c, 5468). The Irish stereotype was developed during the, Italian stereotypes depict men with "over-the-top gaudy couture", an "insatiable, A pejorative stereotype of young women at Jewish "summer camps, Hebrew schools, [and] the suburbs of New Jersey" with a focus on grooming (flat-ironed hair), trendiness, "upmarket loungewear", luxury brands (. [35] This was followed by what was often the most spectacular part of the production, the magical transformation scene. The rightful king may be a reluctant hero who is reticent to take the throne. He would tap his wooden sword (a derivative of the Commedia dell'arte slapstick or "batte") on the floor or scenery to make a grand transition of the world around him take place. Clown traded in his tatty servant's costume for a flamboyant, colourful one. In addition to Shakespeare, such authors as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Middleton, and Ben Jonson were prominent playwrights during this period. Judith Chaffee's Commedia Website is a good resource to learn about Italy's early form of professional theatre. A character who is a former Nazi and is often very clearly German, may attempt poorly to conceal their past (often played comicly). A minor, expendable character who is killed soon after being introduced. The second Zanni must be foolish, clumsy, and dull. "Ancient Greece." 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