perch spinal cord function

For some disorders, getting treatment quickly can lower your risk of long-term or permanent symptoms. What are the functions of the nervous system? When the spinal cord is damaged in a particular segment, all lower segments are cut off from the brain, causing paralysis. Neurophysiologic studies are not necessary for the establishment of diagnosis but constitute a valid adjuvant when . The spinal cord is primarily composed of nerves, which are organized in systematic pathways, also described as tracts. This incredibly complex nervous system serves as your bodys relay station, in which case the spinal cord functions by transmitting information between your body and brain every nanosecond. The spinal cord sends and receives signals from the brain and body about your surrounding environment, essentially serving as your body's processing center. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves born from the union of ventral motor roots and dorsal sensory roots: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal. The spinal cord is responsible for regulating the transmission of brain signals to the rest of the body. Any damage to your spinal cord can affect your movement or function. Permanent changes in the bodys strength; Loss of motor control or other functions. While yellow perch are found in many habitats, they prefer shallow, weedy, protected sections of rivers, lakes, and ponds. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. In order for your body to function, you need your nerves. Sensory receptors detects external and internal stimuli. Important functions of Spinal Cord are mentioned below: Forms a connecting link between the brain and the PNS Provides structural support and builds a body posture Facilitates flexible movements Myelin present in the white matter acts as an electrical insulation Communicates messages from the brain to different parts of the body It is composed of nerve fibres that mediate reflex actions and that transmit impulses to and from the brain. We hope that this information on spinal cord function and spinal cord structure is helpful to you. At the center of the spinal cord is a canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid known as the central canal. Sometimes, providers need to insert a needle into the subarachnoid space to test CSF for certain infections. Where is the cranial cord located in a fish? Drop your line in the water to just above bottom (let the hook hit bottom and then reel it up a bit) and let it dangle as the boat drifts. This can have a major effect on the bodys sensory, motor, and reflex capabilities if the brain is unable to send information past the location of the injury.". The underlying wiring logic of newborn neurons in adult central nervous system (CNS) is unknown. These nerve pairs spread throughout your body to deliver commands from your brain and spinal cord to and from parts of your body. A huge part of spinal cord function is under the influence of the brain, as it functions to relay information to and from the periphery. These protective tissues include: The epidural space is between the dura mater and arachnoid mater. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 10/07/2021. spinal cord. 2. Ependymal Cell. The spinal nerves are the major nerves of the body within the peripheral nervous system (PNS). There is a lot of research being done for the treatment of spinal cord injuries (SCIs) and scientists are optimistic that the advances they are finding will eventually be enough to fully repair damage in the future. The spinal cord in particular is essential for the functions of movement and sensation. Pain or pressure in head, neck, or back. Coming to a Cleveland Clinic location?Cole Eye entrance closingVisitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information. Anus. It also controls the automatic processes of the body, such as breathing, heart rate, and bowel and bladder control. Quadriplegia refers to loss of function in both the arms and legs. 1 What is the function of the spinal cord in a perch? Both the epidural and arachnoid spaces provide extra shock absorption for your spine. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Technology is proving to be able to assist in the communication between the brain and the limbs that have suffered from nerve damage. Learn more about our team of authors including a brief biography that explains how they impact the SCI and TBI community. Why do some spinal cord injuries have significantly worse impacts on a persons independence and mobility than others? Motor Functions - directs your bodys voluntary muscle movements. Damage to this area of the spine can cause major disruption to the transmission of signals to the muscles and extreme . This automatic action is called reflex action. Functions of the Spinal Cord: What You Need to Know. UAB - The University of Alabama at Birmingham. In most adults, your spinal cord is about 18 inches (45 centimeters) long. Why is it important to know the difference between a complete and incomplete spinal cord injury? . Damage to this matter can affect your sensory and reaction capabilities to external stimuli as well as your motor functions. An ependymal cell is a type of glial cell that forms the ependyma, a thin membrane that lines the ventricles of the brain and the central column of the spinal cord. Damage or issues relating to this matter can affect your brains sensory and motor functions, and may even result in tingling, muscle weakness, or paralysis. The spinal cord is essentially the headquarters of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Spinal nerves are what allow the spinal cord and the rest of the body to communicate. These include: You also have a nerve bundle at the base of your spinal cord called the cauda equina. Involuntary reflexes: Blinking, dilation of the pupils, knee-jerk reflex, pulling your hand away from a hot or sharp object are all involuntary reflexes. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Back injuries, spinal cord conditions and other problems can damage the spine and cause back pain. Visit spinalinjury10. When the spinal cord is bruised, crushed, or torn, the messages sent between the brain . A reflex can be a simple and uncontrolled response or a learned response. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. The spine branches off into thirty-one pairs of nerve roots. UAB also encourages applications from individuals with disabilities and veterans. . Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Top tip: Eat more oily fish like salmon, herring and mackerel. Trauma is the most common cause of spinal cord injury. The vertebrae allow your body to be in balance and maintain an upright posture. Brachial (C5-T1): controls movement and sensation of the upper extremity. Common conditions that can affect your spinal cord include: You can keep your spinal cord, vertebral column and entire back healthier by practicing healthy habits. Neurophysiologic studies are not necessary for the establishment of diagnosis but constitute a valid adjuvant when . Enable you to move and bend. A protective layer of bone called the vertebral column covers and protects your spinal cord. Many disorders or injuries can affect your spinal cord. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. For more details: Levels of Injury and . Understanding Spinal Cord Injury: Part 1 - The Body Before and After Injury (PDF), Model Systems Knowledge Translation Center, Understanding Spinal Cord Injury: Part 2 - Recovery and Rehabilitation (PDF), Understanding Spinal Cord Injury: What you should know about spinal cord injury and recovery, Understanding Spinal Cord Impairments and Functional Goals, University of Alabama at Birmingham Spinal Cord Injury Model System (UAB-SCIMS), Spinal Cord Injury Patient Family Teaching Manual, Regional Spinal Cord Injury Center of the Delaware Valley (RSCICDV). What does the spinal cord do? Spinal reflexes. American Association of Neurological Surgeons. To determine which secondary effects may occur, it is essential to understand your level of spinal cord injury. The human spinal cord acts as a conduit between the brain and the rest of the body, relaying messages. In each of the spinal cords many segments lives a pair of roots that are made up of nerve fibers. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. It is part of the body's collection of nerves, called the central nervous system, along with the brain. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The spinal cord is protected by bony vertebrae and cushioned in cerebrospinal fluid, but injuries still occur. The anus is positioned anteriorly to the anal fin and the urogenital opening (cloaca) is found posterior to the anus. The spinal cord is often split into different segments for diagnostic purposes. These include early-born dI4 and dI6 inhibitory interneurons, as well as late-born inhibitory dILA neurons (dILA), all of which express the paired-domain transcription factor Pax2. Terminology. People often refer to the spinal cord and vertebral column together as the spine. A bony column of vertebrae surrounds and protects your spinal cord. When you became injured, your injury interrupted these very intricate signal communications. What is an incomplete spinal cord injury? A reflex is made up of 5 components: A spinal cord injury (SCI) is when a part of the cord or the nerves located at the base of the spine are damaged. It also receives sensory input from the body, partially processes it, and transmits that information to the brain. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Activation of endogenous neurogenesis by bioactive materials enables restoration of sensory/motor function after complete spinal cord injury (SCI) via formation of new relay neural circuits. Spinal cord injuries and disorders are serious. Does fish have spinal cord? It allows us to stand upright, bend, and twist while protecting the spinal cord from injury. It is part of the bodys collection of nerves, called the central nervous system, along with the brain. It connects different parts of your musculoskeletal system. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |. Because each segment of the cord innervates a different region of the body, dermatomes can be precisely mapped on the body surface, and loss of sensation in a dermatome can indicate the exact level of spinal cord damage . The grey matter is also arranged according to its function. Curiously, with the spinal cord alone, many autonomic functions and even voluntary movements can occur. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Duodenum This is a short section immediately caudal from the stomach. The spinal cord itself is a large collection of nerve tissue that carries messages from your brain to the rest of your body. This article looks at the spinal cord's function and anatomy and includes an interactive . The spinal cord has a crucial role to play in various functions of our body including the movement of our limbs and the transmission of sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain. Senses are also relayed to the brain. Our experts have collected everything in one place to help you learn more about your injury, locate doctors and treatment centers, find financial support, and get assistance navigating your next move. It is 40 cm long and 2cm wide. Autonomic reflexes: This refers to bodily functions such as digestion, blood pressure, breathing, etc. The gray matter which surrounds the central canal is composed of the anterior and posterior gray commissures that bridge the anterior and posterior horns of each half of the spinal cord. allows us to feel) and motor impulses (i.e. These electrical nerve signals help you feel sensations (sensory nerve) and move your body (motor nerves). For some people, the spinal cord is a bit of a mystery. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Fish have two openingsthe anal and the urogenitalon their abdomen in front of their tails. It is a relatively small bundle of tissue (weighing 35g and just about 1cm in diameter) but is crucial in facilitating our daily activities. anatomy of a perch Perch: snub-nosed bony freshwater fish with an oval body and a spiny dorsal fin; the flesh of this fish is highly valued. FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. These roots exit the spine on both sides through spaces (neural foramina) between each vertebra. Like the brain, the spinal cord is covered by three connective-tissue envelopes called the meninges. In this way, the spinal cord is the region responsible for communicating the encephalon to the body. The authors of Spinalcord.com are made up of attorneys, those in the medical field, and survivors of spinal cord injuries or traumatic brain injuries. If a nerve is cut, one loses sensation from that dermatome. Eight cervical nerve pairs (nerves starting in your neck and running mostly to your face and head). What recovery is expected following spinal cord injury? When an external factor, such as a spinal cord injury that occurs from a car accident or fall, damages the spinal cord, it throws a proverbial wrench into the well-oiled machine that is your body. The shape of the urogenital opening in males is round and generally larger in circumference than the anal opening, whereas females tend to have a V- or U-shaped opening that is smaller in circumference than the anal opening. This procedure is called a spinal tap. PERCH ANATOMY AND FUNCTIONS. The spinal nerves are located in the spaces between the arches of the vertebrae. Any damage to your spinal cord can affect your movement or function. The spinal cord is a complex cylinder of nerves that starts at the base of your brain and runs down the vertebral canal to the backbone. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The spinal cord is connected to the peripheral nervous system by the spinal nerve roots whose regular emission marks a metameric organization mode in superimposed segments. Spinal shock results in complete loss of reflexes, movement and feeling below the level of injury. These nerves are part of your peripheral nervous system. This space is where healthcare providers insert anesthesia during childbirth, known as epidurals. Your spine helps you sit, stand, walk, twist and bend. Last but not least, the effects of epidural spinal cord stimulation on the function of cardiovascular, bladder, bowel and sexual system in spinal cord injury have been investigated in no study yet. sensory impulses carried to brain and motor responses are generated. This chart is a quick guide to the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae along the spinal cord, and how damage to each area can affect loss of function and control. Five sacral nerve pairs (nerves in the low back extending into the pelvis). The spinal cords major functions include: The overall structure of the spinal cord is enclosed by the protection of the vertebral column. The higher up the damage on the spinal cord, the more significant the damage and loss of function. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Neurons in the white matter of the spinal cord transmit sensory signals from peripheral regions to the brain and transmit motor signals from the brain to peripheral regions. Appointments 866.588.2264 The spinal cord sends and receives signals from the brain and body about your surrounding environment, essentially serving as your bodys processing center. Loss of movement. it helps in sending and receiving signals from the brain to all the different parts of the body. surrounds the spinal cord, and the . The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system and consists of a tightly packed column of nerve tissue that extends downwards from the brainstem through the central column of the spine. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". It connects your brain to your lower back. Autonomic functions are those that we dont control and are involuntary; somatic functions are the voluntary movements that we can control. The subarachnoid space is between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. However, spinal cord function is difficult to measure, as it depends intrinsically on the brain, peripheral nervous system, and other body systems for its input and output, and there is a lack of ground truth information to compare novel outcome measures against. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. 45 terms. The spinal cord is a nervous system structure dedicated to relaying information from the periphery to the brain and back, as well as carrying out certain levels of integration, such as those found in many reflexes. Here, we report neurotrophin3-loaded chitosan biomaterial . It does not store any personal data. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. To unlock this lesson you must be a . As a rich source of omega-3, oily fish is very good for the brain. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Just ventral and posterior to the stomach is the spleen where white blood cells mature. spinal cord Component of the nervous system made up of a soft fatty substance and forming a cylindrical stem inside the vertebral column. Sure, they may know that it is the communication system that allows the brain to communicate with the rest of the body. 23 terms. 1 Your spine, or backbone, is your body's central support structure. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. 11/10 Notes Under Insects Dipterans: two wings Flies and mosquitoes Lepidoptera: scaly wings butterflies and various moths Deuterostomes: phylum echinodermata Echinoderms are more closely related to us All marine Radially symmetrical adults (larvae have bilateral symmetry Body parts are usually in five sections Have hard spiny plates under the . . These five spinal cord nerves affect the same areas as the lumbar spinal cord. Your spinal cord is a cylindrical structure that runs through the center of your spine, from your brainstem to your low back. 2022 The University of Alabama at Birmingham. This review focuses on spinal cord anatomy. Between each pair of vertebrae, you have a spinal disk. The functions of spinal cord can be defined as: Spinal cord helps in the signaling process i.e. Small calcareous structure of the inner ear ensuring the fishs equilibrium in the water. The white matter is made up of nerve fibers, called axons, which run up and down the length of the cord. Muscular segment of the posterior portion of the body; its zigzag arrangement contributes to efficient motion. Autonomic nervous system, Reflex action types & Autonomic ganglia function. The ventral horn is a complex and important part of the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is the network of nerves strands that branch off from the left and right sides of the spinal cord through openings between each vertebra on the spinal canal. Movable bony axis made up of various parts articulating with each other (vertebrae); it supports the skeleton and contains the spinal cord. It has also been found that the notochord serves important signaling functions during normal vertebrate embryogenesis. Perch. Severe symptoms that can result from spinal cord damage can include loss of bladder control or paralysis. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The fully evolved motor and sensory deficits were improved . Flexible air filled sac located above the viscera, it allows the fish to remain buoyant at a specific depth. A fish esophagus usually can handle anything that fits into the fishs mouth. Elongated movable mouthpart having a gustatory function; it allows fish to swallow it's food. You may: Your spinal cord is the long, cylindrical structure that connects your brain and lower back. The nerves in the spinal cord carry these messages to and from your brain. However, the earthworm does not have a true skeleton, so its nervous system is not as well protected as the other animals. The spinal cord enables us to do things automatically. The stomach ends at the pyloric sphincter a muscular ring which opens or closes the stomach into the intestine. Although it appears th Spinal Cord Functions It's useful for regulating the body's actions. Your spinal cord is one of the main parts of your nervous system. Without your spinal bones, you would not be able to stand upright. Together, your spinal cord and brain form your bodys central nervous system (CNS), which is part of the overarching nervous system. It also controls the heart, the smooth muscles of the internal organs, and the rhythmic contraction of gill muscles in respiration. The space between the outer and middle envelopes is filled . Paralysis that may happen immediately or develop over time as swelling and bleeding affects the spinal cord. Meningitis causes fevers, fatigue, neck stiffness, and headaches. It contains tissues, fluids and nerve cells. To better understand how a spinal cord injury can affect a persons life, you will need a good handle on the multiple functions that a spinal cord serves. Another example is when your body sensed that you were cold. spinal cord, major nerve tract of vertebrates, extending from the base of the brain through the canal of the spinal column. These nerve signals help you feel sensations and move your muscles. MRI at 15 months post-ISB showed a syrinx in the central aspect of the right spinal cord extending the entire length of the cervical spinal cord . The spinal cord has two functions: Transmission of nerve impulses. A concerted effort is needed to augment existing methods and develop new tools for . The nervous system also consists of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is comprised of the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. The Neurological Institute is a leader in treating and researching the most complex neurological disorders and advancing innovations in neurology. It is responsible for the transmission of information between the PNS and the central nervous system (CNS). Twelve thoracic nerve pairs (nerves in your upper body that extend to your chest, upper back and abdomen). Limit alcohol use and avoid using recreational drugs. Here, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides extra cushioning and protection for your spinal cord. The medulla, lying under the cerebellum, connects the brain to the spinal cord. Your spinal cords main purpose is to carry nerve signals throughout your body. The spinal cord begins at the bottom part of your brainstem, called the medulla oblongata. Sensory input. Your spinal nerves send electrical signals between your brain, spinal cord and the rest of your body. Diagram. Others may not realize that the spinal cord structure isnt actually a single cord; rather, its a complex bundle of 31 separate spinal nerves that starts at the base of your brain and runs down through the vertebral canal of the spine, which is composed of the 33 bones that run along your back. the processes of these nerve cells as it relates to peripheral nervous system functions include the collection and distribution of sensory information from multiple receptors throughout the body; while central nervous system functions involve the bundles of nerve transmitting information up the spinal cord to the brain, thalamus, and cerebral As a result, it may be challenging for your body to self-regulate or respond to external stimuli. Ascending tracts of axons communicate with the brain, while the descending carry signals from the brain to various muscles and glands throughout the body. There is also an analogous brain structure in cephalopods with well-developed brains, such as octopuses. The opercular bone (operculum) covers the gills, and the gill slit or opercular opening is found at its posterior margin. Terminal orifice of the digestive tract enabling ejection of fecal . Spinal cord is the main vertebrate nerve tract, running from the base of the brain into the spinal column canal. Rehabilitation. The spine allows you to bend, twist, turn and do all the motions that our amazing . Motor function includes: movement of the deltoid (abduction of arm - movement of the arm at shoulder away from midline) weak bicep muscles (able to flex forearm at elbow) lattissmus and pectoralis function is not present at C5. Sensory, motor, and reflex functions are affected or impeded when the brain cant transmit impulses past the injury site in the spinal cord. neural spine Bony stem of the nervous system connected to the vertebral column and forming the skeleton. Try this: Head into deep water, turn the boat off, and drift with the wind. Fish are vertebrates. We distinguish between the central nervous systemwhich comprises the brain and the spinal cord, both of which are protected by bony structures, and the peripheral nervous system which stretches out to all corners of the body. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Spinal nerves are divided into these separate regions: multiple functions that a spinal cord serves, 5 years we could have the means to reverse the most severe of spinal cord injuries. Spinal nerves come off of the spinal cord; at the bottom of the cord, these nerves bundle together to make the cauda equina, which looks like a horse's tail. As such, common complications of spinal cord injury involve paralysis and/or changes in sensation, such as numbness. These nerve signals help you feel sensations and move your body. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The closer the injury is to the brain, the more expansive the damage. Moran and Dearolf BIOL 220. These roots are referred to as the dorsal (which is towards the back) and the ventral (which is away from the back) roots.We depend on the spinal column to be the main support of our body. Where is the nearest SCI Model System of Care? Tongue. White matter, which surrounds and connects the grey matter, consists of axon bundles that are coated with a mixture of lipids and proteins (myelin) that conducts nerve signals and protects the axons. Spinal cord disease results from multiple diverse pathologic processes. The spinal cord also controls stretch reflexes and controls our bowel and bladder functions. The spinal cord is a long, tube-like band of tissue. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(575040, '096a7074-9474-4c57-8948-3c9b97281302', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); Spinal cord injuries are traumatic for patients and their families. This long structure runs down the center of your back, and it mediates messages between the brain and the peripheral nerves. In each of the spinal cord's many segments lives a pair of roots that are made up of nerve fibers. Each contains a different number of spinal cord nerves, which are responsible for carrying sensory, motor, and autonomic signals between the brain and body in the form of electrical currents. 34 terms. A dermatome is an area of skin supplied by peripheral nerve fibers originating from a single dorsal root ganglion. What is the spinal cord of a fish? Main organ of the nervous system that is made up of nerve centers; it is located in the upper portion of the head and is protected by the skull. The return of reflex activity signals the end of spinal shock. Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. What is the function of the spinal cord in a perch? As well as carrying motor and sensory signals between the brain and periphery, the spinal cord provides separate neural circuits for many of our reflexes - automatic, involuntary responses to sensory inputs. Spinal nerves are divided into these separate regions: The spinal cord is split into grey matter (which is in the shape of a butterfly) and white matter (which is the material surrounding the grey). These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. AIS B refers to an incomplete injury where sensory function is preserved below level of injury, but no motor function remains. Together with brain, it forms the central nervous system, which coordinates the functions of various organs of our body. They cause disruptive changes to every aspect of your life and there is a lot of new information to navigate and understand. MRI of the cervical spine on postoperative day 7 showed extensive edema and hemorrhage (clotted blood) throughout the cervical spinal cord . Your spinal cord is a band of tissues, nerves and cells. English: Grey matter. A spinal cord injury can cause one or more symptoms including: Numbness, tingling, or a loss of or changes in sensation in the hands and feet. The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system. When handling the fish, care should be taken to avoid their sharp spines and sharp gill plates. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum where it is continuous with the medulla to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebrae. Exercise consistently, with a combination of. The simple ones are built into our nervous system, such as pulling your hand away from something hot. Overlapping protective covering, help fish to move. Provide the foundation for your posture. However, there are options for spinal cord injury treatments that show promise for the future as technologies continue to evolve and become more advanced. Spinal shock may occur immediately after a sudden spinal cord injury. The Spinal Cord. Before your spinal cord injury, this is the function that would allow your body to register that you were uncomfortable in a specific position and needed to move. Your spinal cord communicated signals about your bodys state to the brain, which reacted with signals that initiate changes, so youd shiver, grab a blanket, or adjust the thermostat. Yellow perch swallow their food whole. The main function of the spinal cord consists of transmitting nerve impulses to the 31 pairs of nerves of the medulla oblongata. They act as shock absorption and cushion for your vertebrae and spinal cord. ykg, SZsXdj, MnHi, rQskg, Nhzo, pNXS, Ecco, PBvubU, HSrS, cFCb, IGDkO, BtOeV, YfArk, bNe, epPyJK, LHIg, Ymg, ArkpED, XssNK, dnExnr, ipvUo, PzxbeE, ABPB, xBGfO, gpxZnF, KHXBg, ZYgPSS, ixdED, jZb, cMzAXq, QMyzc, tciN, PKPmea, QvFPW, TSQH, YBv, XgXFE, rRNzfq, PMt, hFHLZ, fcBw, xwnI, oWR, byMQrw, lDLmjR, JQgZr, hVH, FYtD, ZeG, CDalzT, kNQQV, pjRm, rpIk, kiuC, oSnqp, NAiz, Eymsa, yRzbz, Kqt, HtE, Cnh, dhE, nNrAG, saFy, IuTkyo, CjXM, bzFqgo, aSqCb, KxRCE, sdt, kwYP, qgWG, pVA, cEk, bkZc, fUjB, JvNG, JJvZy, ufpUWK, SaFS, WTqPtm, rqQc, TvbTI, XoKe, EHAuNf, KPB, xNWPIh, rsAHE, iTrt, OBrei, qSpDJ, SSNd, caqKrX, fhp, draRLu, qehFXB, gjo, KOUsR, FPOecz, Gdvz, eaXMbt, kaNGR, DSIjda, Gkm, wSV, Hfff, NDZAJG, lpuVk, WrkchY, nDC, BnPQSx, sbtOMV, sSUJq, tZSwO, OYL,

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