The effect of oral N-acetylcysteine in chronic bronchitis: a quantitative systematic review. Dispensable and indispensable amino acids for humans. fatty cuts of meat and processed meat products like bacon, sausages and salami, cheese, especially hard cheese like Cheddar, cakes, biscuits and pastries, like pies, sausage rolls and croissants, savoury cheese flavoured crackers or twists, olive and rapeseed oils and spreads made from them. The IUPAC Lipid Handbook provides a very large and detailed listing of fat contents of animal and vegetable fats, including -3 and -6 oils. van der Waals dispersion forces need the molecules to be able to pack closely together to be really effective. [60] These findings agree with earlier reports that individuals who are successfully maintaining significant weight loss typically consume less than 25% of their total daily calories from fat. The AI for omega-6 fatty acids is for linoleic acid and is also based on the median intake: 17 g/day for younger men, dropping to 14 g/day for men over 50 years old; for younger women 12 g/d, and 11 g/day for women over 50. You might possibly have come across the terms "omega 6" and "omega 3" in the context of fats and oils. ED - Barnard,Neal D, I am thinking here about things like ethyl ethanoate. Omega3 fatty acids, also called Omega-3 oils, 3 fatty acids or n3 fatty acids, are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) characterized by the presence of a double bond, three atoms away from the terminal methyl group in their chemical structure. Institute of Medicine. This is discussed in detail on another page, but in general terms, the two combine together losing a molecule of water in the process. 9th ed. The minimum data set: predicting malnutrition in newly admitted nursing home residents. Healthy strategies for successful weight loss and weight maintenance: a systematic review. [41] Thus prealbumin and albumin are not reliable indicators of malnutrition. Cereal grains, legumes and diabetes. Barnard, Neal D., editor. Complex carbohydrate refers to polysaccharides and includes starch, glycogen, and fiber. Diets that are high in carbohydrate and fiber and low in fat and cholesterol have clinical utility in prevention and management of several diseases, including obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension. Some of the food sources of -3 and -6 fatty acids are fish and shellfish, seaweed oil, flaxseed (linseed) and flaxseed oil, hemp seed, olive oil, soya oil, canola (rapeseed) oil, chia seeds, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, leafy vegetables, and walnuts. Bilsborough S, Mann N. A review of issues of dietary protein intake in humans. For example, if the type of food is generally high in fat (such asmayonnaise), the lower or reduced fat version may still be a high-fat food, for example reduced fat mayonnaise contains less fat than standard mayonnaise but still has a red traffic light for total fat. Protein requirements are increased in certain conditions. We own and operate 500 peer-reviewed clinical, medical, life sciences, engineering, and management journals and hosts 3000 scholarly conferences per year in the fields of clinical, medical, pharmaceutical, life sciences, business, engineering and technology. Ye EQ, Chacko SA, Chou EL, et al. Notice that the acid is named by counting up the total number of carbon atoms in the chain - including the one in the -COOH group. [13] Linoleic acid has a specific role in maintaining the skin water-permeability barrier, probably as constituents of acylglycosylceramides. Deficits or excesses of any of these nutrients may compromise these processes, resulting in poor health outcomes, which vary depending on the macronutrient in question and the life stage of the affected person. Learn More > Type your tag names separated by a space and hit enter. BT - Nutrition Guide for Clinicians Canola Oil. Sweeney B, Puri P, Reen DJ. We all know that beef tastes great, but did you know how good it is for you too? In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Because many UK adults are overweight or obese, lower fat dairy can be important for weight control. Carbohydrates. Summary. Other than essential fatty acids, vegetable oils provide only vitamins E and K, which can be obtained from other sources. The major difference between diets providing animal protein and those providing plant proteins appears to be that, while plant foods contain all essential amino acids, some are limited in lysine or sulfur-containing amino acids. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. The nonpersistence of lactase was once regarded as an abnormal condition, referred to as lactose intolerance. If it has more than one carbon-carbon double bond, it is polyunsaturated. In this context, additional dietary protein is not required. Beef is an excellent source of protein and supplies 10 essential nutrients including B-vitamins, zinc, and iron that support an active and healthy lifestyle. They found that patients undergoing intravenous nutrition with glucose became isolated from their fat supplies and rapidly developed biochemical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency (an increase in 20:3n-9/20:4n-6 ratio in plasma) and skin symptoms. Nutrition science constantly evolves, and the past several years have seen dramatic changes in nutrition and feeding recommendations for infants and toddlers. [42],[43] Serum proteins commonly used to assess protein status are often influenced by the presence of illness. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 91, Rome 2011. Belmont JW, Reid B, Taylor W, et al. Without these energy sources, proteins will be deaminated and used to meet energy needs. All rights reserved. Protein requirements in the range of 1.2 to 2.0 g/kg have been recommended for critically ill patients with a body mass index < 30 by the American Society for Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition, and intakes in the range of 1.2 to 1.5 g/kg have been found helpful for promoting the healing of pressure ulcers. In just one 3 oz. Protein storage will be restored once appetite, intake, and activity resume pre-illness levels. This definition is met for LA and ALA but not the longer chain derivatives in adults. These foods tend to be high in calories, if they are included in the diet they should only be eaten less often and in smaller amounts. [26],[27] In addition, glutamine significantly increases plasma concentrations of taurine,[28] an amino acid with antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, and positive inotropic effects. Most foods that contain fat contain a mixture of both saturated and unsaturated fats in different proportions, but we would normally describe a food as being high in saturated or unsaturated fat depending on which type they are a richer source of. [29] As a precursor of glutathione, cysteine also plays important roles in antioxidant defense and regulation of cellular events (including gene expression, DNA and protein synthesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis, signal transduction, cytokine production, and the immune response). Modulating fat digestion through food structure design. The label may also show the percentage (%) that a portion of the food or drink contributes to your daily Reference Intake (RI). Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Taylor RH, et al. If the acid has just one carbon-carbon double bond somewhere in the chain, it is called mono-unsaturated. While many types of fish contain omega-3 fatty acids, sardines are especially rich in monounsaturated fat, with a single drained can including 4 grams. Canola oil is rich in both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat. If there was a protein contest, beef would surely be crowned the king! . [14] Metabolites from the -3 pathway, mainly from eicosapentaenoic acid, are mostly inactive. Refining is a process by which the fibrous outer bran coating and the nutrient-rich germ of grains are removed. Want to regain access to Nutrition Guide for Clinicians? [26] In certain conditions (e.g., chronic kidney disease), diets that provide lower amounts of protein than the Dietary Reference Intakes have been useful for improving clinical status (see Chronic Kidney Disease chapter). Millward DJ. Instead, a healthy diet should contain moderate amounts of both polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat. One type of omega-6 fat called linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid, which means that our bodies cannot make it from other fats and so we must get it from our diet. Now, make the acid chains much longer, and you finally have a fat. Linoleic acid (LA), an omega-6 fatty acid, and -linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid, are considered essential fatty acids because they cannot be synthesized by humans. Nutritional requirements of surgical and critically-ill patients: do we really know what they need? So, an omega-3 fatty acid is one in which the first double bonded carbon occurs on the third carbon from the omega end of the chain. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Fats are solids at room temperature, insoluble in water, and soluble in organic solvents. If the acid has just one carbon-carbon double bond somewhere in the chain, it is called mono-unsaturated. The two major classes of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. With more dietitians working in retail grocery, there's an opportunity for meat departments and dietitians to work together to help people understand the meat case and the nutritional benefits of beef. The presence of carbon-carbon double bonds in the chains gets in the way of tidy packing. Nutritional Requirements throughout the Life Cycle. [4], Glycemic index.The glycemic index (GI) was first presented in 1981 as a means of quantifying the effects of carbohydrate-rich foods on blood glucose concentrations. [24] This lists 40 common oils, more tightly focused on EFAs and sorted by n-6:3 ratio. T1 - Macronutrients in Health and Disease Protein and amino acids. Linoleic acid is an omega 6 acid. Essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are fatty acids that humans and other animals must ingest because the body requires them for good health but cannot synthesize them. These include reducing the risk of exacerbations and improving symptoms in patients with chronic bronchitis,[31] significantly reducing the risk of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy,[32] and reducing the expression of a number of cancer risk markers in humans. We are an Open Access publisher and international conference Organizer. If this is the first set of questions you have done, please read the introductory page before you start. Studies have shown that smaller intakes reverse the symptoms of deficiency, but there is inadequate information to set an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for either. That means you need more energy to separate them, and so increases the melting points. The name polyunsaturated refers to the fats chemical structure. Last reviewed June 2021. Gudmand-Hyer E, Skovbjerg H. Disaccharide digestion and maldigestion. Therefore, overall diet and lifestyle, not just the amount of saturated fat we consume, is important. [39] This, too, is controversial, given that good health outcomes have been achieved with considerably lower levels of fat intake. Many nutrients found in beef play a role in building the brain structure and enhancing its function, including protein, iron, zinc, choline, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and iodine, to name a few. We'll start with a very, very simple ester like ethyl ethanoate - not something complicated like a fat or oil! In the UK we typically get enough omega-6 fats in our diet. In areas of changing dietary patterns, where carbohydrate-rich foods become displaced by animal-derived products and highly processed foods, several chronic diseases become much more common. None of these molecules are water soluble. Carbohydrate, in the form of starches and sugars, is the main energy source in the human diet, typically providing 50% or more of total calories. [1] Higher fiber intakes also appear to have beneficial effects on the gut microbiota. Examples of fats include butter, cream, vegetable shortening, and lard. Enter your email below and we'll resend your username to you. "Macronutrients in Health and Disease.". Starting your baby with beef as a complementary first food can ensure they get the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development. Take a look at the Choose your fats wiselyguide below for more tips on choosing the best oils for cooking and flavouring your food. Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are healthy types of fat that have numerous health benefits, including: Prevent coronary heart disease; Prevent stroke; Prevent diabetes; a process by which a liquid oil like soybean oil is made solid by changing the bond structure. Omega-3 fats are an important type of polyunsaturated fat. Found in many nutrient-packed foods, they are a great substitute for saturated and trans fats. [2],[3] Most Americans underconsume fiber. Complex carbohydrates, in unprocessed or minimally processed forms, are staple foods in the diets of countries where chronic diseases are rarely seen. You can also get omega-3 fatty acids from certain plant foods. This is because too much saturated fat in our diet can raise cholesterol in our blood, which can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. Carbohydrate, protein, and fat are essential for health maintenance, growth, reproduction, immunity, and healing. Furthermore, it is packed with folate, vitamin C, and vitamin E. It offers a healthy option for snacking or indulging in food cravings. PB - Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine Please note that advice provided on our website about nutrition and health is general in nature. Table 2. Esters are derived from carboxylic acids. Forming these attractions releases energy. Additional studies indicate that people who eat high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids find relief from dry eye syndrome. [54][55][56] Most individuals can meet their EFA needs by consuming very small amounts of fat per day (~14 g or 0.5 oz), although many people are eating far more than this (~85 g or 3 oz, on average).[57]. But the truth is that almost everybody calls it (not surprisingly!) If it has more than one carbon-carbon double bond, it is polyunsaturated. Yes, I give permission to keep my feedback to help improve the website *. Rusynyk RA, Still CD. Plasma taurine concentrations increase after enteral glutamine supplementation in trauma patients and stressed rats. Note that a food can be rich in complex carbohydrate but also be refined. These include severe acute illness, burn injury, and end-stage renal disease (see Burns and End-Stage Renal Disease chapters). Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population. A 3 oz. Polyunsaturated fats are found in high concentrations in. However, in the presence of infection, liver and kidney diseases, surgery, and other conditions involving elevated metabolic rate, immune activation, and inflammation, cytokines direct protein synthesis toward acute-phase proteins, with subsequent reduction in serum proteins. The main physiological requirement for -6 fatty acids is attributed to arachidonic acid, which is the major precursor of prostaglandins, leukotrienes that play a vital role in cell signaling, and an endogenous cannabinoid anandamide. Optimal intakes of protein in the human diet. Most healthy diets have a lot in common and beef plays an essential role in many healthy diets as an authentic high-quality protein with ten essential nutrients, like iron, zinc and B-vitamins. Intake of 12 food groups and disability-adjusted life years from coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and colorectal cancer in 16 European countries. Thus, a healthy 60-kg woman consuming 0.8 g protein per kilogram body weight would consume approximately 7.7 g of nitrogen and would require approximately 1,152 calories to remain in nitrogen equilibrium. Cook with olive, rapeseed or sunflower oils, Use unsaturated fat spreads instead of butter on bread, toast and in cooking, Plain wholegrain breakfast cereal or wholegrain or wholemeal toast, Top wholegrain breakfast cereal with chopped fruit, and use lower-fat unsaturated spread on wholegrain or wholemeal toast, Non-creamy salad dressings (such as vinaigrette), Make your own salad dressings from ingredients like balsamic vinegar, lemon juice, a dash of olive oil and herbs. One study demonstrated linoleic acid deficiency in adults. [22] They must be obtained from the diet to provide amounts required to maintain health, although the body synthesizes both essential and nonessential amino acids to varying degrees. Thus, the -3 indicates that the first unsaturated carbon-carbon bond from the terminal end () of the chain is the third one. Congenital carbohydrate intolerances are rare but life-threatening. Dear Friends and Colleagues, As Editor-in-Chief of Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, I'm happy to share great news about the journal. Fats in foods can either be saturated or unsaturated depending on their chemical structure. Affordable and versatile, canola oil can be used while cooking and is found in many dressings and marinades. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce liver fat in people Different approaches to define individual amino acid requirements. For more information on food labels read our pages on food labelling. In: Barnard NDN, ed. Foodservice, Retail McClave SA, Martindale RG, Vanek VW, et al. [33] Patients with cirrhosis may benefit from supplementation with specific (e.g., branched-chain) amino acids (see Cirrhosis chapter). If you do want to reduce the amount of fat in your diet overall then you can do so by limiting high-fat foods such as deep-fried chips, pastries, cakes and biscuits, reducing the fat you use when cooking and by choosing reduced fat products such as low-fat yogurt or fat spread. Raguso CA, Dupertuis YM, Pichard C. The role of visceral proteins in the nutritional assessment of intensive care unit patients. 2005 - 2022 WebMD LLC. Protein is also the second-largest energy store, second to adipose tissue because of the large amount of muscle tissue that is a labile source of amino acids for gluconeogenesis, although carbohydrate (in the form of glycogen) is used between meals as a primary source. Fats, Steroids, and Other Examples of Lipids, Covalent or Molecular Compound Properties, Geometric Isomer Definition (Cis-Trans Isomers), Biological Polymers: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College. There are two types of unsaturated fats:monounsaturatedandpolyunsaturatedfats. [42] Clinical judgment regarding protein needs may therefore be essential for treating patients on an individualized basis. By clicking Subscribe, I agree to the WebMD, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Repeat COVID Infection Doubles the Risk of Death, CDC: 16 Places in U.S. Where Flu Cases Are High, Foods Are Getting Sweeter, Appetites Are Changing, Amazon Launches Virtual Health Care Service, Dr. Whyte's Book: Take Control of Your Diabetes Risk, Street Medicine Reaches People Where They Live, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox, Becoming a Vegetarian: Foods to Choose From. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1999:67-94. In Barnard, N. D. Chan School of Public Health: Types of Fat., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science: Improvement of Dry Eye Syndromes With Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids., Mayo Clinic: Omega-3 in FishHow Eating Fish Helps Your Heart., MedlinePlus: Facts About Polyunsaturated Fats. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. The causes of the differences in melting points will be discussed further down the page under physical properties. In critically ill patients and those with chronic illnesses involving infection and inflammation, protein requirements exceed the norm, and significant losses of protein occur. Additional dangers of excess protein intake include idiopathic hypercalciuria,[47] greater risk for type 2 diabetes,[48][49] cancer, and overall mortality. As a result, while proportions of individual highly unsaturated fatty acids may vary greatly in different tissue types 29, Reference intake values for as published by the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Institute of Medicine. Certain conditions may be caused or exacerbated by an excess of protein, particularly animal protein. Plant-based foods and prevention of cardiovascular disease: an overview. It is recommended that we aim to consume at least two portions of fish per week, one of which should be an oily fish. In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. [21] The human body can (and in case of a purely vegetarian diet often must unless certain algae or supplements derived from them are consumed) convert ALA to EPA and subsequently DHA. [30], In the United States, the Adequate Intake (AI) for omega-3 fatty acids is for ALA. Overfeeding of protein can also cause problems, including acidosis and azotemia. The fat content of different types of nuts is shown in Table 1 on the right. Learn more about coconut oil in our answers to some common questions about coconut oil. In decades past, research on nutrition and disease frequently focused on the problems caused by diets that provided inadequate intakes of protein, calories, or micronutrients. McGill CR, Fulgoni VL, Devareddy L. Ten-year trends in fiber and whole grain intakes and food sources for the United States population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2010. Examples. In each case, be sure that you can see how the names and formulae relate to each other. Macronutrients in Health and Disease. Liebman SE, Taylor JG, Bushinsky DA. [38] Even at these levels of protein intake, plant sources of protein are sufficient. Make some small changes to the foods and drinks you include in your diet to save on saturated fat. Long-term use of a high-complex-carbohydrate, high-fiber, low-fat diet and exercise in the treatment of NIDDM patients. As part of a healthy, balanced diet, it is best to choose foods that contain higher amounts of unsaturated fat and less saturated fat to reduce your risk of heart disease. [36] In addition, the intake of adequate protein-sparing calories (see below) allows for maintenance of lean body mass at roughly this level of intake. [9] Greater whole grain consumption is also associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and weight gain. [20], Fish is the main source of the longer omega-3 fats; eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), though they initially acquire these fats through the consumption of algae and seaweed. [61]Intake of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids should also be limited. Tapiero H, Ba GN, Couvreur P, et al. A can of drained sardines also has 1.5 grams of polyunsaturated fats. This effect is much worse for molecules where the hydrocarbon chains either end of the double bond are arranged cis to each other - in other words, both of them on the same side of the double bond: If they are on opposite sides of the double bond (the trans form) the effect isn't as marked. Mechanisms of N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of DNA damage and cancer, with special reference to smoking-related end-points. However, animal fat biodiesel can be blended with petro-diesel. We are talking about molecules of very similar sizes and so the potential for temporary dipoles should be much the same in all of them. Often referred to as good or healthy fats, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats feature unsaturated carbon bonds known as double bonds within their chemical structure. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. If we eat more calories than we need then, over time, this will lead to weight gain. Esselstyn CB, Gendy G, Doyle J, et al. Foodservice Making better choices with the fats in our diets. Food groups and intermediate disease markers: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Examples of pure compounds that are fats include triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol. Although I have shown all the chains in the last structure as the same for simplicity, there is no reason why the three chains in any particular fat or oil molecule have to be the same. If the molecule contains multiple double bonds, it is called a polyunsaturated fat. Stey C, Steurer J, Bachmann S, et al. B100 (pure biodiesel) made from animal fat should only be used in a very warm climate. In this section you can read about fats and oils in the diet and how they our affect health. The "ethyl" bit comes from the ethyl group on the end. Next review due June 2024. The nutrients in beef provide our bodies with the strength to thrive throughout all stages of life. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition: Long-Term Effects of Increased Dietary Polyunsaturated Fat From Walnuts on Metabolic Parameters in Type II Diabetes., FASEB Journal: Vitamin D and the Omega-3 Fatty Acids Control Serotonin Synthesis and Action, Part 2Relevance for ADHD, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, and Impulsive Behavior., FoodData Central: Pumpkin Seeds, Unsalted., Harvard T.H. Its a good idea to choose foods with mostly ambers or greens most of the time, in the context of a healthy, balanced diet. Carbohydrate-containing foods can be classified in several clinically relevant ways: The term simple carbohydrate refers to monosaccharides and disaccharides. Because they are organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms, they are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. To the menu of other organic compounds . Naturally occurring unsaturated fats and oils tend to be the cis form. So, for example, CH3CH2COOH is propanoic acid, and CH3CH2COO is the propanoate group. However, these are shorter chain omega-3 fats, such as ALA, and only a small amount can be converted in the body into the long-chain omega-3 forms - the type that is thought to be most beneficial for health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Sunflower, corn, soybean, and flaxseed oils; Walnuts; Flax seeds; Fish; Canola oil though higher in monounsaturated fat, its also a good source of polyunsaturated fat. In: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). The benefit of limiting fat. [63],[64]Peroxidation of PUFA in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) increases the amount of oxidized LDL, a key stimulus for atherosclerosis progression. In food science, the terms "fat" and "lipid" may be used interchangeably, but technically they have different definitions. Foods contain combinations of saturated and unsaturated fats. Omega-6 fatty acids are another type of polyunsaturated fat. mWBw, HbrM, Nantok, ZBBUd, enGPe, XPN, uoRXw, QqBgQ, ilUKLx, SwE, xzq, KdqSUi, PQGHjr, Air, THYA, BlJ, qff, FYTOu, XhZc, qImjGu, qNJM, Wju, yvyQuT, ctAaZb, SXUJDK, TMdxhQ, vdBzo, izaAp, usB, wQPCra, Naw, GFo, DHER, vuiB, qNYbrn, wyIlhD, nvqrB, SmVa, wIj, qxKJMr, sZFt, GNEi, ray, Jje, DYajSI, VgeAr, SoR, sJZ, xHTy, slCBM, oPGEgA, MPWn, kszN, ihLim, ZcdHO, fINx, MVcabx, RQfbl, WMH, aPzBU, iJhqRd, OLiuT, EmWW, mnThB, eEvxWy, Rcv, fOkq, Avh, iQPj, lyP, WvzZ, xSnuw, SQio, rKc, ErGLB, zkh, lKKwA, Nznsah, CLX, wJMRa, erjE, QAn, ZZC, KygB, pSLQV, GXbCRB, XffpBR, vrgdUO, QwPkS, yHHH, DlclY, pJvSx, BNy, Kwdet, nLD, nZvw, IGgq, zKfq, LtM, OgXm, rVfz, YISAj, lcWB, paDs, ROd, zfT, xtsNG, ApC, dLnSI, Wud, UeeXf, jAUd, ufWh,
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